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1 civil
1 (civic, not military) [affairs, aviation, disorder, wedding] civil ;3 ( polite) [person] courtois ; it was civil of him to do that c'était aimable de sa part de faire cela.to keep a civil tongue in one's head mesurer ses paroles. -
2 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
3 stand
1. intransitive verb,1) stehenwe stood talking — wir standen da und unterhielten uns
2) (have height)he stands six feet tall/the tree stands 30 feet high — er ist sechs Fuß groß/der Baum ist 30 Fuß hoch
3) (be at level) [Aktien, Währung, Thermometer:] stehen (at auf + Dat.); [Fonds:] sich belaufen (at auf + Akk.); [Absatz, Export usw.:] liegen (at bei)4) (hold good) bestehen bleibenmy offer/promise still stands — mein Angebot/Versprechen gilt nach wie vor
5) (find oneself, be)as it stands, as things stand — wie die Dinge [jetzt] liegen
the law as it stands — das bestehende od. gültige Recht
I'd like to know where I stand — (fig.) ich möchte wissen, wo ich dran bin
stand in need of something — einer Sache (Gen.) dringend bedürfen
stand as a Liberal/Conservative — für die Liberalen/Konservativen kandidieren
stand for Parliament — (Brit.) für einen Parlamentssitz kandidieren
7)8) (place oneself) sich stellenstand in the way of something — (fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg stehen
[not] stand in somebody's way — (fig.) jemandem [keine] Steine in den Weg legen
9) (be likely)2. transitive verb,stand to win or gain/lose something — etwas gewinnen/verlieren können
1) (set in position) stellenstand something on end/upside down — etwas hochkant/auf den Kopf stellen
2) (endure) ertragen; vertragen [Klima]I can't stand the heat/noise — ich halte die Hitze/den Lärm nicht aus
I cannot stand [the sight of] him/her — ich kann ihn/sie nicht ausstehen
he can't stand the pressure/strain/stress — er ist dem Druck/den Strapazen/dem Stress nicht gewachsen
I can't stand it any longer! — ich halte es nicht mehr aus!; see also academic.ru/75052/time">time 1. 1)
3) (undergo) ausgesetzt sein (+ Dat.)stand trial [for something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht stehen
4) (buy)3. nounstand somebody something — jemandem etwas ausgeben od. spendieren (ugs.)
1) (support) Ständer, der3) (raised structure, grandstand) Tribüne, die4) (resistance) Widerstand, dertake or make a stand — (fig.) klar Stellung beziehen (for/against/on für/gegen/zu)
5) (standing place for taxi, bus, etc.) Stand, derPhrasal Verbs:- stand by- stand in- stand up* * *[stænd] 1. past tense, past participle - stood; verb1) (to be in an upright position, not sitting or lying: His leg was so painful that he could hardly stand; After the storm, few trees were left standing.) stehen2) ((often with up) to rise to the feet: He pushed back his chair and stood up; Some people like to stand (up) when the National Anthem is played.) (auf)stehen3) (to remain motionless: The train stood for an hour outside Newcastle.) stehen4) (to remain unchanged: This law still stands.) gelten5) (to be in or have a particular place: There is now a factory where our house once stood.) stehen6) (to be in a particular state, condition or situation: As matters stand, we can do nothing to help; How do you stand financially?) liegen7) (to accept or offer oneself for a particular position etc: He is standing as Parliamentary candidate for our district.) bewerben8) (to put in a particular position, especially upright: He picked up the fallen chair and stood it beside the table.) stellen9) (to undergo or endure: He will stand (his) trial for murder; I can't stand her rudeness any longer.) ertragen2. noun1) (a position or place in which to stand ready to fight etc, or an act of fighting etc: The guard took up his stand at the gate; I shall make a stand for what I believe is right.) der Platz2) (an object, especially a piece of furniture, for holding or supporting something: a coat-stand; The sculpture had been removed from its stand for cleaning.) der Ständer3) (a stall where goods are displayed for sale or advertisement.) der Stand4) (a large structure beside a football pitch, race course etc with rows of seats for spectators: The stand was crowded.) die Tribüne5) ((American) a witness box in a law court.) der Zeugenstand•- take the stand- standing 3. noun1) (time of lasting: an agreement of long standing.) die Dauer2) (rank or reputation: a diplomat of high standing.) der Stand•- stand-by4. adjective((of an airline passenger or ticket) costing or paying less than the usual fare, as the passenger does not book a seat for a particular flight, but waits for the first available seat.) stand-by5. adverb(travelling in this way: It costs a lot less to travel stand-by.) stand-by- stand-in- standing-room
- make someone's hair stand on end
- stand aside
- stand back
- stand by
- stand down
- stand fast/firm
- stand for
- stand in
- stand on one's own two feet
- stand on one's own feet
- stand out
- stand over
- stand up for
- stand up to* * *[stænd]I. NOUNto take up a \stand somewhere sich akk irgendwo hinstellenwhat's her \stand on sexual equality? wie steht sie zur Gleichberechtigung?it's her civic duty to take a \stand on civil rights es ist ihre Bürgerpflicht, die Bürgerrechte zu verteidigento take a \stand with sb jdm gegenübertretenI had to take a firm \stand with my son and forbid him to attend that party ich musste meinem Sohn gegenüber hart bleiben und ihm verbieten, diese Party zu besuchento bring sb/sth to a \stand jdm/etw Einhalt gebieten gehmusic/revolving \stand Noten-/Drehständer mcandy/news \stand Süßwaren-/Zeitungsstand mtaxi \stand Taxistand mone-night \stand One-Night-Stand m fam10. AM LAW▪ the \stand der Zeugenstandto take the \stand vor Gericht aussagen12. (group of plants)\stand of clover Büschel nt Klee\stand of trees Baumgruppe f<stood, stood>1. (be upright) stehen\stand against the wall stell dich an die Wand\stand in front of the house stell dich vor das Haus\stand in a straight line! stellen Sie sich in einer Reihe auf!the team will \stand or fall by the success of their new model das Team steht und fällt mit dem Erfolg seines neuen Modells\stand and deliver! ( dated) Hände hoch und Geld her!to \stand guard [or watch] [over sb/sth] [bei jdm/etw] Wache haltenhe felt it necessary to \stand watch over the cash box er hielt es für nötig, die Kasse im Auge zu behaltento \stand on one's hands/head einen Hand-/Kopfstand machento \stand clear [or aside] aus dem Weg gehen, beiseitetretento \stand erect [or tall] aufrecht [o gerade] stehento \stand motionless regungslos dastehento \stand still stillstehenhe \stands over seven feet er misst über sieben Fuß4. (be located) liegenan old hut stood by the river am Fluss stand eine alte Hüttethe train is \standing at platform 8 der Zug steht auf Gleis 8to \stand in sb's way jdm im Weg stehento \stand in the way of sth etw dat im Weg[e] stehen [o hinderlich sein]to \stand open offen stehen5. (have a viewpoint)from where she \stands it seemed reasonable to ask von ihrer Warte aus schien es vernünftig zu fragenhow do you think your chances \stand of being offered the job? wie, glaubst du, stehen deine Chancen, dass man dir die Stelle anbietet?with the situation as it \stands right now... so wie die Sache im Moment aussieht,...to \stand high/low in sb's opinion bei jdm sehr [o hoch] /wenig [o schlecht] angesehen seinto \stand alone beispiellos [o einzigartig] seinto \stand empty [or idle] leer stehento \stand fast [or firm] standhaft sein\stand firm on your decision steh fest zu deinem Entschlussto \stand second/third an zweiter/dritter Stelle stehento \stand accused of murder des Mordes angeklagt seinI \stand corrected ich muss mich korrigieren [o gebe meinen Fehler zu]to \stand to gain [or win] /lose sth wahrscheinlich etw gewinnen/verlieren7. (separate from)▪ to \stand between sb/sth zwischen jdm/etw stehenthe handouts he got from his parents were all that stood between Dan and destitution es waren allein die Zuwendungen, die Dan von seinen Eltern erhielt, was ihn vor völliger Mittellosigkeit bewahrte8. (remain valid) gelten, Bestand habendoes that still \stand? ist das noch gültig?, gilt das noch?his work still \stands as one of the greatest advances in medical theory seine Arbeit gilt immer noch als eine der größten Leistungen in der MedizinNewtonian mechanics stood for over two hundred years die Newton'sche Mechanik galt zweihundert Jahre lang unangefochtento \stand for election sich akk zur Wahl stellen10.▶ to \stand on one's own two feet auf eigenen Füßen stehen▶ to not leave one stone \standing on another keinen Stein auf dem anderen lassen▶ it \stands to reason [that]... es ist logisch [o leuchtet ein], dass...III. TRANSITIVE VERB<stood, stood>▪ to \stand sth somewhere etw irgendwohin hinstellenshe stood the yardstick upright against the wall sie stellte den Messstab gegen die Wandto \stand sth on its head etw auf den Kopf stellen2. (refuse to be moved)to \stand one's ground wie angewurzelt stehen bleiben; (refuse to yield) standhaft bleiben3. (bear)▪ to not [be able to] \stand sth etw nicht ertragen könnenour tent won't \stand another storm unser Zelt wird keinen weiteren Sturm überstehenshe can't \stand anyone touching her sie kann es nicht leiden, wenn man sie anfasstto not be able to \stand the sight of sth den Anblick von etw dat nicht ertragen könnento \stand the test of time die Zeit überdauern4. (pay for)▪ to \stand sb sth jdm etw ausgeben [o spendieren]Catherine stood us all a drink Catherine lud uns alle zu einem Drink einto \stand bail for sb für jdn Kaution stellen [o Sicherheit leisten5. ( fam)to \stand a chance of doing sth gute Aussichten haben, etw zu tun6. LAW7.▶ to \stand sb in good stead jdm von Nutzen [o Vorteil] sein* * *[stnd] vb: pret, ptp stood1. nmy stand is that... — ich stehe auf dem Standpunkt, dass..., ich vertrete die Einstellung, dass...
to take a stand (on a matter) — (zu einer Angelegenheit) eine Einstellung vertreten
to make a stand (lit, fig) — sich widersetzen, Widerstand leisten
that was their last stand — das war ihr letztes Gefecht
3) (= taxi stand) Stand m5) (= furniture, lamp stand, music stand) Ständer m6) (= market stall etc) Stand m7) (= band stand) Podium nt9) (esp US FOREST) (Baum)bestand m2. vtSee:→ stead, head2) (= withstand) pressure, close examination etc (= object) standhalten (+dat); (person) gewachsen sein (+dat); test bestehen; climate vertragen; heat, noise ertragen, aushalten; loss, cost verkraften3) (inf: put up with) person, noise, interruptions etc aushaltenI can't stand being kept waiting —
4) (Brit inf= treat)
to stand sb a drink/a meal — jdm einen Drink/ein Essen spendieren5)3. vi1) (= be upright) stehen; (= get up) aufstehendon't just stand there(, do something)! — stehen Sie nicht nur( dumm) rum, tun Sie was! (inf)
we stood talking —
stand and deliver! (old, hum) — anhalten, her mit dem Zeug! (inf)
See:3) (= be situated) stehenit has stood there for 600 years — es steht da schon seit 600 Jahren
5)See:→ also stand for6) (= continue to be valid offer, argument, promise) gelten; (objection, contract) gültig bleiben; (decision, record, account) stehen8) (fig= be in a position)
we stand to lose/gain a lot — wir können sehr viel verlieren/gewinnenwhat do we stand to gain by it? — was springt für uns dabei heraus? (inf), was bringt uns (dat) das ein?
9) (fig= be placed)
how do we stand? — wie stehen wir?I'd like to know where I stand (with him) — ich möchte wissen, woran ich (bei ihm) bin
as it stands — so wie die Sache aussieht
to stand accused of sth — einer Sache (gen) angeklagt sein
10) (fig= be, continue to be)
to stand firm or fast — festbleibento stand ready —
to stand (as) security for sb — für jdn bürgen
11)* * *stand [stænd]A s1. a) Stehen nb) Stillstand m, Halt m2. a) (Stand)Platz m, Standort mb) fig Standpunkt m:take a stand Stellung beziehen (on zu);take a common stand einen gemeinsamen Standpunkt einnehmen3. fig Eintreten n:make a stand for sich einsetzen für4. a) (Zuschauer)Tribüne fb) Podium n5. JUR US Zeugenstand m:on the stand im Zeugenstand;a) den Zeugenstand betreten,b) als Zeuge aussagen6. WIRTSCH (Verkaufs-, Messe) Stand m7. Stand(platz) m (für Taxis)8. (Kleider-, Noten- etc) Ständer m9. Gestell n, Regal n10. a) Stativ nb) Stütze f11. (Baum)Bestand m12. AGR Stand m (des Getreides etc), (zu erwartende) Ernte:stand of wheat stehender WeizenB v/i prät und pperf stood [stʊd]1. a) allg stehen:as there were no seats left, we had to stand;don’t just stand there, help me! steh nicht herum, hilf mir!;on in dat)( → B 4);stand or fall by stehen und fallen mit;stand gasping keuchend dastehen;stand on one’s heada) einen Kopfstand machen, kopfstehen,b) fig (vor Freude etc) kopfstehen;stand on one’s hands einen Handstand machen;stand to lose (to win) (mit Sicherheit) verlieren (gewinnen);how are things standing? wie stehen die Dinge?;how do we stand in comparision to …? wie stehen wir im Vergleich zu …?;the wind stands in the west der Wind weht von Westen;stand well with sb mit jemandem gut stehen, sich mit jemandem gut stellen;leave sb (sth) standing Br umg jemanden (etwas) in den Schatten stellen; → attention 4, foot A 1, leg Bes Redewc) aufstehen3. sein:stand! halt!;stand fast! MIL Br stillgestanden!, US Abteilung halt! ( → B 1);stand still for US → C 75. bleiben:stand neutral, etc;and so it stands und dabei bleibt es6. sich stellen, treten:stand clear zurücktreten (of von);stand clear of auch den Eingang etc frei machen;stand on the defensive sich verteidigen;8. sich behaupten, bestehen ( beide:against gegen):stand through sth etwas überstehen oder -dauern9. fig festbleiben10. (weiterhin) gelten:my offer stands mein Angebot gilt nach wie vor oder bleibt bestehen;let sth stand etwas gelten oder bestehen bleiben lassenC v/t1. stellen (on auf akk):stand a plane on its nose FLUG einen Kopfstand machen;stand sth on its head fig etwas auf den Kopf stellen2. standhalten (dat), aushalten:he can’t stand the climate er kann das Klima nicht (v)ertragen;I couldn’t stand the pain ich konnte den Schmerz nicht aushalten oder ertragen;she couldn’t stand the pressure sie war dem Druck nicht gewachsen;I can’t stand him ich kann ihn nicht ausstehen oder leiden;I can’t stand being told ( oder people telling me) what to do ich kann es nicht ausstehen oder leiden, wenn man mir Vorschriften macht; → heat A 1 a, racket2 A 4, sight A 23. sich etwas gefallen lassen, dulden, ertragen:I won’t stand that any longer das lasse ich mir nicht länger bieten6. a) Pate stehen7. umga) aufkommen fürb) (jemandem) ein Essen etc spendieren:stand a drink einen ausgeben oder spendieren;8. eine Chance haben* * *1. intransitive verb,1) stehenstand in a line or row — sich in einer Reihe aufstellen; (be standing) in einer Reihe stehen
he stands six feet tall/the tree stands 30 feet high — er ist sechs Fuß groß/der Baum ist 30 Fuß hoch
3) (be at level) [Aktien, Währung, Thermometer:] stehen (at auf + Dat.); [Fonds:] sich belaufen (at auf + Akk.); [Absatz, Export usw.:] liegen (at bei)4) (hold good) bestehen bleibenmy offer/promise still stands — mein Angebot/Versprechen gilt nach wie vor
5) (find oneself, be)as it stands, as things stand — wie die Dinge [jetzt] liegen
the law as it stands — das bestehende od. gültige Recht
I'd like to know where I stand — (fig.) ich möchte wissen, wo ich dran bin
stand in need of something — einer Sache (Gen.) dringend bedürfen
6) (be candidate) kandidieren ( for für)stand as a Liberal/Conservative — für die Liberalen/Konservativen kandidieren
stand for Parliament — (Brit.) für einen Parlamentssitz kandidieren
7)8) (place oneself) sich stellenstand in the way of something — (fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg stehen
[not] stand in somebody's way — (fig.) jemandem [keine] Steine in den Weg legen
9) (be likely)2. transitive verb,stand to win or gain/lose something — etwas gewinnen/verlieren können
1) (set in position) stellenstand something on end/upside down — etwas hochkant/auf den Kopf stellen
2) (endure) ertragen; vertragen [Klima]I can't stand the heat/noise — ich halte die Hitze/den Lärm nicht aus
I cannot stand [the sight of] him/her — ich kann ihn/sie nicht ausstehen
he can't stand the pressure/strain/stress — er ist dem Druck/den Strapazen/dem Stress nicht gewachsen
I can't stand it any longer! — ich halte es nicht mehr aus!; see also time 1. 1)
3) (undergo) ausgesetzt sein (+ Dat.)stand trial [for something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht stehen
4) (buy)3. nounstand somebody something — jemandem etwas ausgeben od. spendieren (ugs.)
1) (support) Ständer, der2) (stall; at exhibition) Stand, der3) (raised structure, grandstand) Tribüne, die4) (resistance) Widerstand, dertake or make a stand — (fig.) klar Stellung beziehen (for/against/on für/gegen/zu)
5) (standing place for taxi, bus, etc.) Stand, derPhrasal Verbs:- stand by- stand in- stand up* * *(microphone) n.Stativ -e n. n.Gestell -e n.Stand ¨-e m.Ständer - m. (one's) trial expr.sich vor Gericht verantworten ausdr. (up) for expr.eintreten für ausdr. (to tolerate) v.ertragen prät. v.(§ p.,p.p.: stood)= andauern v.stehen v.(§ p.,pp.: stand, gestanden) -
4 strike
I 1. I1) he was afraid to strike он боялся ударить; the material seems to change colour when the light strikes когда свет падает на этот материал, он кажется другого цвета2) these matches are too wet to strike эти спички сильно отсырели и не зажигаются3) I thought I heard the clock strike мне показалось, что пробили часы; has 5 o'clock struck? пять часов уже пробило?; the clock is striking часы бьют; his hour has struck ere час настал /пробил/2. II1) strike swiftly (instinctively, simultaneously, aimlessly, etc.) быстро и т.д. ударять /бить, наносить удары/2) the fish are striking well today рыба сегодня хорошо клюет3. III1) strike smth., smb. strike a ball (a nail, etc.) ударять по мячу и т.д.; strike a bell ударить в колокол; strike a child (a dog, etc.) ударять /бить/ ребенка и т.д.; why did you strike her? почему вы ее ударили /стукнули/?; paralysis struck him его разбил паралич; а falling stone struck his head упавший камень попал ему в голову /ударил его по голове/; the ship struck a submerged rock корабль наскочил на подводный камень; strike the keys ударить по клавишам; strike a few chords взять несколько аккордов || strike a blow нанести удар; strike the first blow нанести первый удар; начать первым (драку, ссору); быть зачинщиком id what struck you that you behaved that way? что на вас напало /какая муха вас укусила/, что вы себя так странно вели?2) strike smth. strike twelve times (four, the hour, etc.) (про)бить двенадцать раз и т.д.; the clock that strikes the quarters часы, которые отбивают четверти /бьют каждые четверть часа/3) strike smth. strike a medal (a badge, a coin, etc.) чеканить /выбивать/ медаль и т.д.4) strike smth. strike a light /fire/ (a spark, etc.) зажечь /высечь/ огонь и т.д.; strike a match зажечь спичку, чиркнуть спичкой5) strike smth. strike oil (gold, a vein of ore, water, etc.) открывать /находить, обнаруживать/ нефть и т.д.; strike an amusing book наткнуться на занятную книгу; strike the main road (the track) выйти на главную дорогу (на тропу); strike an obstruction натолкнуться /наткнуться/ на преграду6) strike smb. the sight struck him зрелище произвело на неге впечатление; how does this strike you? что вы об этом думаете?; strike smth. strike smb.'s sight /smb.'s eye/ бросаться кому-л. в глаза; strike smb.'s саг (smb.'s fancy) поразить чей-л. слух (чье-л. воображение); strike a deep chord [in smb.'s heart] вызвать глубокий отклик /задеть заветные струны/ [у кого-л. в душе]; strike a false /wrong/ note взять неправильный тон; strike the right note попасть в тон, взять верный тон7) strike smth. strike an average /а mean/ подсчитать /найти/ среднее; strike a balance подвести баланс, подбить итоги; strike a bargain (an agreement) заключить сделку (соглашение)8) strike smth. strike sail (s) убирать паруса; strike camp /tents/ свертывать лагерь, сниматься с лагеря; strike one's /the/ flag а) спускать флаг; б) сдаваться9) strike smth. strike an item (smb.'s name, a word, etc.) зачеркнуть /вычеркнуть/ какой-л. пункт и т.д.10) || strike fish подсекать рыбу4. IV1) strike smth., smb. in same manner strike smth. hard (softly, suddenly, etc.) сильно и т.д. ударять по чему-л.; strike smb. hard (savagely, violently, etc.) сильно и т.д. ударить кого-л.; never strike a man when he is down лежачего не бьют2) strike smb. at some time a [happy] thought /idea/ suddenly struck me меня осенила /мне в голову пришла/ [удачная] мысль; it never struck me before раньше мне это никогда не приходило в голову5. Vstrike smb. smth. strike smb. a blow ударить кого-л., нанести кому-л. удар6. VI1) strike smb. into some state strike smb. dead сразить кого-л. наповал /насмерть/; strike smb. deaf оглушить кого-л. ударом; strike smb. blind ослепить кого-л. ударом; strike smb. dumb /speechless/ лишить кого-л. дара речи; ошарашить кого-л.2) strike smth. to some state a tree strikes its roots deep дерево глубоко пускает корни7. XI1) be struck in some manner the wall sounds hollow when [it is] struck когда по стене бьют, она издает глухой звук; be struck by (below, etc.) smth. that tree's been struck by lightning в это дерево ударила молния; he was struck by lightning его убило молнией; he was struck below the knee его ударили под коленку2) be struck /stricken/ with /by/ smth. be struck by fever (with influenza, by disease, with pestilence, etc.) болеть лихорадкой и т.д., слечь /свалиться/ от лихорадки и т.д.; he was struck with paralysis его разбил паралич3) be struck by /with/ smth. be struck by terror (with panic, with fear, with awe, with wonder, by remorse, with dizziness, etc.) быть пораженным /охваченным/ ужасом и т.д.; I was struck by her appearance (by her beauty, with her wonderful voice, with her great ability, etc.) я был поражен ее видом и т.д., меня потряс ее вид и т.д.; he was struck with the idea that... ему пришла в голову мысль, что...; его поразила мысль о том, что...8. XVI1) strike against ((up)on, at, etc.) smth. strike against the pavement (against a table, against a stone, etc.) ударить по тротуару и т.д., удариться о тротуар и т.д.; strike three times on the door постучать в дверь три раза; strike at fascism бить /наносить удар/ по фашизму; strike at the root of the evil вырывать зло с корнем; the light (the sun) strikes against /upon/ the wall (upon the object, upon the figure, etc.) свет (солнце) падает на стену и т.д.; his lectures strike upon dull ears слушатели пропускают его лекции мимо ушей; her entreaties strike upon dull ears они остаются глухими к ее мольбам; strike at smb. he struck at me with a stick (with an open hand, with a fist, with a cosh, etc.) он стукнул меня палкой || strike below the belt бить ниже пояса2) strike for smth. strike for a cause (for one's country, for freedom, etc.) бороться за идею и т.д.3) strike (up)on smth. strike upon an unknown path напасть /наткнуться, выйти/ на незнакомую дорожку; strike on a novel means of doing smth. обнаружить /открыть/ новый способ чего-л. /делать что-л./; strike upon a plan придумать план; he struck upon an idea (upon a happy thought) он напал на (счастливую) мысль, внезапно ему в голову пришла (счастливая) мысль4) strike (in)to (across) smth. strike to the right поворачивать направо; strike across the fields направляться через поля; strike into the jungle углубляться в джунгли5) strike at smth. a pang of pity struck at my heart жалость кольнула меня в сердце6) semiaux strike into smth. strike into a gallop пуститься галопом; strike into a song неожиданно запеть; strike into conversation заговорить с кем-л., завести беседу; strike into a new subject перевести разговор на другую тему, сменить тему разговора9. XXI11) strike smb. with smth. strike smb. with a stick (with one's fist, with a whip, etc.) ударить кого-л. палкой и т.д.; strike smb. in /on/ smth. strike smb. in the eye (in /on/ the mouth, on the back, etc.) ударить /стукнуть/ кого-л. в глаз и т.д.; strike the enemy in the rear (on the flank) ударить противнику в тыл (во фланг); strike smth. on /against/ smth. strike one's foot on a stone (one's head against the wall, etc.) ударить ногу /удариться ногой/ о камень и т.д.; strike smth. with smth. strike the table with one's fist стукнуть кулаком по столу; strike a ball with a racket (a nail with a hammer, etc.) бить ракеткой по мячу и т.д.2) || strike a blow for smth. бороться за что-л.; strike a blow for freedom (for liberty of speech, for civil rights, etc.) бороться за свободу и т.д.3) || strike a spark out of the stones высечь из камней искру4) strike smb. about smb., smth. what strikes me about him is his great patience что меня поражает в нем, так это его колоссальное терпение /долготерпение/; there was nothing about him that struck me в нем не было ничего примечательного /ничего такого, что могло бы поразить/; what strikes me about his book is its length на меня большое впечатление произвел объем его книги; strike smth. into smth. strike terror (fear, dismay, etc.) into smb.'s heart вселять ужас и т.д. в чье-л. сердце /в чью-л. душу/5) strike smth. into smth. strike a dagger into smb.'s breast (its fangs into the flesh, spurs into a horse, etc.) вонзать кинжал в чью-л. грудь и т.д.; the plant strikes its roots into the soil растение пускает корни глубоко в землю6) strike smth. off smth. strike smb.'s name off the list вычеркнуть чье-л. имя из списков10. XXI2strike smb. as being of some quality strike smb. as familiar (a strange, as peculiar, as ridiculous, as absolutely perfect, as silly, etc.) казаться кому-л. знакомым и т.д.; the plan strikes me as a bit unusual этот план мне кажется немного необычным11. XXVIit strikes smb. that... it strikes me that you are afraid (that he is telling a lie, etc.) у меня такое впечатление /мне кажется/, что вы боитесь и т.д.; it struck him suddenly that they were all deaf у него вдруг возникла мысль /ему вдруг показалось/, что они все глухие; doesn't it strike you that...? не кажется ли вам, что...?II 1. Ithe coal miners struck шахтеры забастовали2. IIIstrike smth. strike work (за)бастовать3. XVIstrike for smth. strike for a higher pay (for better conditions, for their rights, etc.) бастовать, добиваясь более высокой оплаты и т.д.; what are the workers striking for? почему бастуют рабочие?; strike against smth. strike against long hours (against the proposal, against the administration, etc.) бастовать против длинного рабочего дня и т.д. -
5 fool
1. noun1) Dummkopf, der (ugs.)3) (dupe)2. intransitive verbherumalbern (ugs.)3. transitive verb1) (cheat)fool somebody into doing something — jemanden [durch Tricks] dazu bringen, etwas zu tun
2) (dupe) täuschen; hereinlegen (ugs.)you could have fooled me — (iron.) ach, was du nicht sagst!
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/101282/fool_about">fool about* * *[fu:l] 1. noun(a person without sense or intelligence: He is such a fool he never knows what to do.) der Narr/die Närrin2. verb1) (to deceive: She completely fooled me with her story.) zum Narren halten2) ((often with about or around) to act like a fool or playfully: Stop fooling about!) Possen treiben•- foolish- foolishly
- foolishness
- foolhardy
- foolhardiness
- foolproof
- make a fool of
- make a fool of oneself
- play the fool* * *[fu:l]I. nyou \fool! du Idiot!to make a \fool of sb/oneself jdn/sich lächerlich machento be \fool enough to do sth dumm genug sein, etw zu tunhe's no \fool er ist nicht blöd famhe's a \fool to think she still loves him er ist ein Idiot, wenn er glaubt, dass sie ihn noch immer liebt3. (dessert) cremiges Fruchtdessert4.you've done some \fool things in your time du hast zu deiner Zeit so manchen Blödsinn getriebenIII. vt▪ to \fool sb jdn täuschen [o zum Narren halten]we weren't \fooled by his promises wir sind auf seine Versprechungen nicht hereingefallen▪ to \fool sb into doing sth jdn [durch einen Trick] dazu bringen, etw zu tunIV. vi einen Scherz machen* * *I [fuːl]1. n1) Dummkopf m, Narr m, Närrin fdon't be a fool! — sei nicht ( so) dumm!
some fool of a civil servant — irgend so ein blöder or doofer Beamter (inf)
I was a fool not to realize —
have I been a fool! — war ich vielleicht dumm or blöd!, ich Idiot!
he was a fool not to accept — es war dumm von ihm, nicht anzunehmen
to be fool enough to... — so dumm or blöd (inf) sein, zu...
to play or act the fool — Unsinn machen, herumalbern
to make a fool of sb (with ridicule) — jdn lächerlich machen; (with a trick) jdn zum Besten or zum Narren haben
he made a fool of himself at the party — er hat sich bei der Party blamiert
to live in a fool's paradise — in einem Traumland leben
See:2) (= jester) Narr m2. adj (esp US inf)doof (inf), schwachsinnig (inf)3. viherumalbern, Blödsinn machento fool with sb/sth — mit jdm/etw spielen
stop fooling (around)! — lass den Blödsinn!
4. vtzum Narren haben or halten; (= trick) hereinlegen (inf); (disguise, phoney accent etc) täuschenyou won't fool me so easily — so leicht können Sie mich nicht hereinlegen (inf)
I was completely fooled — ich bin vollkommen darauf hereingefallen
IIthey fooled him into believing that... — sie haben ihm weisgemacht, dass...
n (Brit COOK)Sahnespeise aus Obstpüree* * *fool1 [fuːl]A s1. Narr m, Närrin f, Dummkopf m:feel like a fool sich dumm vorkommen;a) lächerlich machen, blamieren,b) → C 1;make a fool of o.s. sich lächerlich machen, sich blamieren;(there’s) no fool like an old fool (Sprichwort)a) die alten Narren sind die schlimmsten,b) Alter schützt vor Torheit nicht;I am a fool to him ich bin ein Waisenknabe gegen ihn;he is no fool er ist nicht auf den Kopf gefallen2. HIST Hofnarr m:3. a) Betrogene(r) m/f(m)b) Gimpel m pej, leichtgläubiger Mensch:4. obs Schwachsinnige(r) m/f(m), Idiot(in)5. Närrchen n, dummes Ding6. US umga) Fex m:be a fool for verrückt sein auf (akk) oder nachb) Kanone f, toller Kerl:a fool for luck ein Glückspilz mB adj besonders US umg blöd, doofC v/t1. zum Narren halten:you could have fooled me umg was du nicht sagst!he fooled her into believing that … er machte ihr weis, dass …;you almost had me fooled ich habe dir fast geglaubtD v/ia) spielen ( with mit):b) sich herumtreiben,c) herumtrödeln3. US nur so tun, als ob:* * *1. noun1) Dummkopf, der (ugs.)be no or nobody's fool — nicht dumm od. (ugs.) nicht auf den Kopf gefallen sein
2) (Hist.): (jester, clown) Narr, der3) (dupe)2. intransitive verbherumalbern (ugs.)3. transitive verb1) (cheat)fool somebody into doing something — jemanden [durch Tricks] dazu bringen, etwas zu tun
2) (dupe) täuschen; hereinlegen (ugs.)you could have fooled me — (iron.) ach, was du nicht sagst!
Phrasal Verbs:* * *n.Depp -en m.Dummkopf* m.Narr -en m.Trottel - m. v.zum Narren halten ausdr. -
6 Stephenson, Robert
[br]b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 October 1859 London, England[br]English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.[br]Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.PJGR -
7 McCoy, Elijah
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 1843 Colchester, Ontario, Canadad. 1929 Detroit, Michigan (?), USA[br]African-American inventor of steam-engine lubricators.[br]McCoy was born into a community of escaped African-American slaves. As a youth he went to Scotland and served an apprenticeship in Edinburgh in mechanical engineering. He returned to North America and ended up in Ypsilanti, Michigan, seeking employment at the headquarters of the Michigan Central Railroad Company. In spite of his training, the only job McCoy could obtain was that of locomotive fireman. Still, that enabled him to study at close quarters the problem of lubricating adequately the moving parts of a steam locomotive. Inefficient lubrication led to overheating, delays and even damage. In 1872 McCoy patented the first of his lubricating devices, applicable particularly to stationary engines. He assigned his patent rights to W. and S.C.Hamlin of Ypsilanti, from which he derived enough financial resources to develop his invention. A year later he patented an improved hydrostatic lubricator, which could be used for both stationary and locomotive engines, and went on to make further improvements. McCoy's lubricators were widely taken up by other railroads and his employers promoted him from the footplate to the task of giving instruction in the use of his lubricating equipment. Many others had been attempting to achieve the same result and many rival products were on the market, but none was superior to McCoy's, which came to be known as "the Real McCoy", a term that has since acquired a wider application than to engine lubricators. McCoy moved to Detroit, Michigan, as a patent consultant in the railroad business. Altogether, he took out over fifty patents for various inventions, so that he became one of the most prolific of nineteenth-century black inventors, whose activities had been so greatly stimulated by the freedoms they acquired after the American Civil War. His more valuable patents were assigned to investors, who formed the Elijah McCoy Manufacturing Company. McCoy himself, however, was not a major shareholder, so he seems not to have derived the benefit that was due to him.[br]Further ReadingP.P.James, 1989, The Real McCoy: African-American Invention and Innovation 1619– 1930, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 73–5.LRD -
8 Williams, Sir Edward Leader
[br]b. 28 April 1828 Worcester, Englandd. 1 June 1910 Altrincham, Cheshire, England[br]English civil engineer, designer and first Chief Engineer of the Manchester Ship Canal.[br]After an apprenticeship with the Severn Navigation, of which his father was Chief Engineer, Williams was engaged as Assistant Engineer on the Great Northern Railway, Resident Engineer at Shoreham Harbour and Engineer to the contractors for the Admiralty Pier at Dover. In 1856 he was appointed Engineer to the River Weaver Trust, and among the improvements he made was the introduction of the Anderton barge lift linking the Weaver and the Trent and Mersey Canal. After rejecting the proposal of a flight of locks he considered that barges might be lifted and lowered by hydraulic means. Various designs were submitted and the final choice fell on one by Edwin Clark that had two troughs counterbalancing each other through pistons. Movement of the troughs was initiated by introducing excess water into the upper trough to lift the lower. The work was carried out by Clark.In 1872 Williams became Engineer to the Bridgewater Navigation, enlarging the locks at Runcorn and introducing steam propulsion on the canal. He later examined the possibility of upgrading the Mersey \& Irwell Navigation to a Ship Canal. In 1882 his proposals to the Provisional Committee of the proposed Manchester Ship Canal were accepted. His scheme was to use the Mersey Channel as far as Eastham and then construct a lock canal from there to Manchester. He was appointed Chief Engineer of the undertaking.The canal's construction was a major engineering work during which Williams overcame many difficulties. He used the principle of the troughs on the Anderton lift as a guide for the construction of the Barton swing aqueduct, which replaced Brindley's original masonry aqueduct on the Bridgewater Canal. The first sod was cut at Eastham on 11 November 1887 and the lower portion of the canal was used for traffic in September 1891. The canal was opened to sea-borne traffic on 1 January 1894 and was formally opened by Queen Victoria on 21 May 1894. In acknowledgement of his work, a knighthood was conferred on him. He continued as Consulting Engineer until ill health forced his retirement.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted. Vice-President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1905–7.JHBBiographical history of technology > Williams, Sir Edward Leader
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9 fool
fu:l
1. noun(a person without sense or intelligence: He is such a fool he never knows what to do.) tonto, imbécil
2. verb1) (to deceive: She completely fooled me with her story.) engañar2) ((often with about or around) to act like a fool or playfully: Stop fooling about!) hacer el tonto, bromear•- foolish- foolishly
- foolishness
- foolhardy
- foolhardiness
- foolproof
- make a fool of
- make a fool of oneself
- play the fool
fool1 n idiota / tontoto make a fool of yourself hacer el ridículo / ponerte en ridículofool2 vb engañaryou can't fool me! ¡a mí no me engañas!tr[fʊːl]1 SMALLCOOKERY/SMALL mousse nombre femenino de fruta————————tr[fʊːl]1 tonto,-a, imbécil nombre masulino o femenino2 (jester) bufón,-ona1 engañar1 bromear\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLa fool and his money are soon parted a los tontos no les dura el dineroto be nobody's fool no dejarse engañar por nadie, no chuparse el dedoto make a fool of somebody poner en ridículo a alguien, dejar a alguien en ridículoto act the fool / play the fool hacer el tontomore fool somebody peor para alguien■ my car's been stolen. --more fool you, you should have locked it me han robado el coche. --peor para ti, debiste cerrarlo con llavethere is no fool like an old fool no hay peor tonto que un viejo tontofool ['fu:l] vi1) joke: bromear, hacer el tonto2) toy: jugar, jugueteardon't fool with the computer: no juegues con la computadora3)to fool around : perder el tiempohe fools around instead of working: pierde el tiempo en vez de trabajarfool vtdeceive: engañar, burlarfool n1) idiot: idiota mf; tonto m, -ta f; bobo m, -ba f2) jester: bufón m, -fona fadj.• tonto, -a adj.n.• bambarria s.f.• bausán s.m.• bobo s.m.• borrico s.m.• bufona s.f.• bufón s.m.• desatinado s.m.• guaje s.m.• memo s.m.• mendrugo s.m.• mentecato s.m.• necio s.m.• tontaina s.f.• tonto s.m.• títere s.m.v.• chancear v.• chasquear v.• embaucar v.• engañar v.• guasearse v.• tontear v.
I fuːl1) ca) ( stupid person) idiota mf, tonto, -ta m,fto make a fool of oneself — hacer* el ridículo
well, more fool you — pues peor para ti
he's no o nobody's fool — no tiene un pelo de tonto, nadie le toma el pelo
not to suffer fools gladly — tener* muy poca paciencia con las estupideces de la gente
to act o play the fool — hacer* payasadas
b) ( jester) bufón m
II
1.
transitive verb engañarto fool somebody INTO -ING: I fooled him into thinking that... — le hice creer que...
2.
via) fool aroundb) ( joke) bromearPhrasal Verbs:
III
adjective (before n) (AmE) tonto
I [fuːl]1. N1) (=idiot) tonto(-a) m / f, zonzo(-a) m / f (LAm)don't be a fool! — ¡no seas tonto!
I was a fool not to go! — ¡qué tonto fui en no ir!
•
to act the fool — hacer el tonto•
to be fool enough to do sth — ser lo bastante tonto como para hacer algo•
to make a fool of sb — poner or dejar a algn en ridículoto make a fool of o.s. — quedar en ridículo
•
I'm nobody's fool — yo no me chupo el dedo, yo no tengo un pelo de tonto•
to play the fool — hacer el tonto•
some fool of a civil servant — algún funcionario imbécil•
you fool! — ¡idiota!, ¡imbécil!- live in a fool's paradise- fools rush in2) (=jester) bufón m2.ADJ (US) tonto, zonzo (LAm)3.VT (=deceive) engañar•
you can't fool me — a mí no me engañas•
"my husband has always been faithful to me" - "you could have fooled me!" — iro -mi marido siempre me ha sido fiel -¡qué fiel ni qué ocho cuartos! *•
you had me fooled there — casi lo creí, por poco me lo trago *•
that fooled him! — ¡aquello coló! *, ¡se lo tragó! *that fooled nobody — aquello no engañó a nadie, nadie se tragó aquello *
4.•
no fooling — en serio•
I was only fooling — solo era una broma•
quit fooling! — ¡déjate de tonterías!5.CPDfool's gold N — (=iron pyrites) pirita f de hierro
II
[fuːl]N (Brit) (Culin) (also: fruit fool) puré de frutas con nata o natillas* * *
I [fuːl]1) ca) ( stupid person) idiota mf, tonto, -ta m,fto make a fool of oneself — hacer* el ridículo
well, more fool you — pues peor para ti
he's no o nobody's fool — no tiene un pelo de tonto, nadie le toma el pelo
not to suffer fools gladly — tener* muy poca paciencia con las estupideces de la gente
to act o play the fool — hacer* payasadas
b) ( jester) bufón m
II
1.
transitive verb engañarto fool somebody INTO -ING: I fooled him into thinking that... — le hice creer que...
2.
via) fool aroundb) ( joke) bromearPhrasal Verbs:
III
adjective (before n) (AmE) tonto -
10 wrong
wrong, US rO ;NA n1 ¢ ( evil) mal m ; no sense of right or wrong aucun sens du bien ou du mal ; she could do no wrong elle était incapable de faire du mal ; in their eyes, she could do no wrong pour eux, tout ce qu'elle faisait était parfait ;2 ( injustice) tort m ; to right a wrong réparer un tort ; to do sb wrong/a great wrong sout faire du tort/beaucoup de tort à qn ; the rights and wrongs of the matter les aspects moraux de la question ;B adj1 ( incorrect) ( ill-chosen) mauvais ; ( containing errors) [total] erroné ; [note, forecast, hypothesis] faux/fausse, erroné ; in the wrong place at the wrong time au mauvais endroit au mauvais moment ; he picked up the wrong key il a pris la mauvaise clé ; it's the wrong wood/glue for the purpose ce n'est pas le bois/la colle qu'il faut ; she was the wrong woman for you ce n'était pas la femme qu'il te fallait ; to prove to be wrong [forecast, hypothesis] se révéler faux ; to go the wrong way/to the wrong place se tromper de chemin/d'endroit ; to take the wrong road/train se tromper de route/train ; to take the wrong turning GB ou turn US ne pas tourner au bon endroit ; to give the wrong password/answer ne pas donner le bon mot de passe/la bonne réponse ; confrontation is the wrong approach l'affrontement n'est pas la bonne méthode ; everything I do is wrong je ne fais jamais rien de bon ; it was the wrong thing to say/do c'était la chose à ne pas dire/faire ; to say the wrong thing faire une gaffe, dire ce qu'il ne faut/fallait etc pas dire ; don't get the wrong idea ne te méprends pas ; you've got the wrong number ( on phone) vous faites erreur ;2 (reprehensible, unjust) it is wrong to do c'est mal de faire ; it's wrong to cheat c'est mal de tricher ; she hasn't done anything wrong elle n'a rien fait de mal ; it was wrong of me/you to do je/tu n'aurais pas dû faire ; it is wrong for sb to do ce n'est pas juste que qn fasse ; it's wrong for her to have to struggle alone ce n'est pas juste qu'elle soit obligée de lutter seule ; it is wrong that c'est injuste que (+ subj) ; it is wrong that the poor should go hungry c'est injuste que les pauvres aient faim ; there's nothing wrong with ou in sth il n'y a pas de mal à qch ; there's nothing wrong with ou in doing il n'y a pas de mal à faire ; what's wrong with trying? quel mal y a-t-il à essayer? ; (so) what's wrong with that? où est le mal? ;3 ( mistaken) to be wrong [person] avoir tort, se tromper ; that's where you're wrong c'est là que tu te trompes ; can you prove I'm wrong? est-ce que tu peux prouver que j'ai tort? ; how wrong can you be! comme on peut se tromper! ; I might be wrong il se peut que je me trompe ; to be wrong about se tromper sur [person, situation, details] ; she was wrong about him elle s'est trompée sur son compte ; to be wrong to do ou in doing sout avoir tort de faire ; you are wrong to accuse me vous avez tort de m'accuser ; am I wrong in thinking that…? ai-je tort de penser que…? ; to prove sb wrong donner tort à qn ;4 ( not as it should be) to be wrong ne pas aller ; there is something (badly) wrong il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas (du tout) ; what's wrong? qu'est-ce qui ne va pas? ; what's wrong with the machine/clock? qu'est-ce qui ne va pas avec la machine/pendule? ; there's something wrong with this computer cet ordinateur a quelque chose qui ne va pas ; the wording is all wrong la formulation ne va pas du tout ; what's wrong with your arm/leg? qu'est-ce que tu as au bras/à la jambe? ; what's wrong with you? ( to person suffering) qu'est-ce que tu as? ; ( to person behaving oddly) qu'est-ce qui t'arrive or te prend? ; your clock is wrong votre pendule n'est pas à l'heure ; nothing wrong is there? tout va bien?C adv to get sth wrong se tromper de qch [date, time, details] ; se tromper dans qch [calculations] ; I think you've got it wrong je pense que tu te trompes ; to go wrong [person] se tromper ; [machine] ne plus marcher ; [plan] ne pas marcher ; what's gone wrong between them? qu'est-ce qui n'a pas marché entre eux? ; you won't go far wrong if… vous ne risquez pas de faire fausse route si… ; you can't go wrong ( in choice of route) tu ne peux pas te tromper ; ( are bound to succeed) tu peux être tranquille.D vtr1 ( treat unjustly) faire du tort à [person, family] ;2 sout ( judge unfairly) mésestimer.to be in the wrong être dans mon/ton etc tort ; to be wrong in the head ○ être dérangé ○, avoir une case en moins ○ ; don't get me wrong ne le prends pas mal ; to get into the wrong hands tomber dans de mauvaises mains ; to get on the wrong side of sb se faire mal voir de qn ; to go down the wrong way [food, drink] passer de travers ; to jump to the wrong conclusions tirer des conclusions hâtives ; two wrongs don't make a right on ne répare pas une injustice avec une autre ; you've got me all wrong vous ne m'avez pas du tout compris ; ⇒ stick. -
11 Froude, William
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 1810 Dartington, Devon, Englandd. 4 May 1879 Simonstown, South Africa[br]English naval architect; pioneer of experimental ship-model research.[br]Froude was educated at a preparatory school at Buckfastleigh, and then at Westminster School, London, before entering Oriel College, Oxford, to read mathematics and classics. Between 1836 and 1838 he served as a pupil civil engineer, and then he joined the staff of Isambard Kingdom Brunel on various railway engineering projects in southern England, including the South Devon Atmospheric Railway. He retired from professional work in 1846 and lived with his invalid father at Dartington Parsonage. The next twenty years, while apparently unproductive, were important to Froude as he concentrated his mind on difficult mathematical and scientific problems. Froude married in 1839 and had five children, one of whom, Robert Edmund Froude (1846–1924), was to succeed him in later years in his research work for the Admiralty. Following the death of his father, Froude moved to Paignton, and there commenced his studies on the resistance of solid bodies moving through fluids. Initially these were with hulls towed through a house roof storage tank by wires taken over a pulley and attached to falling weights, but the work became more sophisticated and was conducted on ponds and the open water of a creek near Dartmouth. Froude published work on the rolling of ships in the second volume of the Transactions of the then new Institution of Naval Architects and through this became acquainted with Sir Edward Reed. This led in 1870 to the Admiralty's offer of £2,000 towards the cost of an experimental tank for ship models at Torquay. The tank was completed in 1872 and tests were carried out on the model of HMS Greyhound following full-scale towing trials which had commenced on the actual ship the previous year. From this Froude enunciated his Law of Comparisons, which defines the rules concerning the relationship of the power required to move geometrically similar floating bodies across fluids. It enabled naval architects to predict, from a study of a much less expensive and smaller model, the resistance to motion and the power required to move a full-size ship. The work in the tank led Froude to design a model-cutting machine, dynamometers and machinery for the accurate ruling of graph paper. Froude's work, and later that of his son, was prodigious and covered many fields of ship design, including powering, propulsion, rolling, steering and stability. In only six years he had stamped his academic authority on the new science of hydrodynamics, served on many national committees and corresponded with fellow researchers throughout the world. His health suffered and he sailed for South Africa to recuperate, but he contracted dysentery and died at Simonstown. He will be remembered for all time as one of the greatest "fathers" of naval architecture.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS. Honorary LLD Glasgow University.Bibliography1955, The Papers of William Froude, London: Institution of Naval Architects (the Institution also published a memoir by Sir Westcott Abell and an evaluation of his work by Dr R.W.L. Gawn of the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors; this volume reprints all Froude's papers from the Institution of Naval Architects and other sources as diverse as the British Association, the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Institution of Civil Engineers.Further ReadingA.T.Crichton, 1990, "William and Robert Edmund Froude and the evolution of the ship model experimental tank", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 61:33–49.FMW -
12 typical
adjectivetypisch (of für)* * *['tipikəl]((negative untypical) having or showing the usual characteristics (of): He is a typical Englishman; They're typical civil servants.) typisch- academic.ru/93045/typically">typically* * *typi·cal[ˈtɪpɪkəl]* * *['tIpIkəl]adjtypisch (of für)that's typical of him —
isn't that typical! — ist das nicht wieder mal typisch!
* * *typical [ˈtıpıkl] adj (adv typically)1. typisch (of für):a) repräsentativb) charakteristisch, bezeichnend, kennzeichnend:be typical of sth etwas kennzeichnen oder charakterisieren;it was typical of him to be late es war typisch für ihn, dass er zu spät kam2. symbolisch, sinnbildlich ( beide:of für)3. a) ur-, vorbildlich, echt* * *adjectivetypisch (of für)that's just typical! — [das ist mal wieder] typisch! (ugs.)
* * *adj.charakteristisch adj.typisch adj. -
13 stand
[stænd] nto take up a \stand somewhere sich akk irgendwo hinstellenwhat's her \stand on sexual equality? wie steht sie zur Gleichberechtigung?;it's her civic duty to take a \stand on civil rights es ist ihre Bürgerpflicht, die Bürgerrechte zu verteidigen;to take a \stand with sb jdm gegenübertreten;I had to take a firm \stand with my son and forbid him to attend that party ich musste meinem Sohn gegenüber hart bleiben und ihm verbieten, diese Party zu besuchentaxi \stand Taxistand mthe \stand der Zeugenstand;to take the \stand vor Gericht aussagen\stand of clover Büschel nt Klee;1) ( be upright) stehen;\stand against the wall stell dich an die Wand;\stand in front of the house stell dich vor das Haus;\stand in a straight line! stellen Sie sich in einer Reihe auf!;the team will \stand or fall by the success of their new model das Team steht und fällt mit dem Erfolg seines neuen Modells;\stand and deliver! (dated) Hände hoch und Geld her!;he felt it necessary to \stand watch over the cash box er hielt es für nötig, die Kasse im Auge zu behalten;to \stand on one's hands/ head einen Hand-/Kopfstand machen;to \stand motionless regungslos dastehen;to \stand still stillstehenhe \stands over seven feet er misst über sieben Fuß4) ( be located) liegen;an old hut stood by the river am Fluss stand eine alte Hütte;the train is \standing at platform 8 der Zug steht auf Gleis 8;to \stand in sb's way jdm im Weg stehen;to \stand open offen stehen5) ( have a viewpoint)how [or where] do you \stand on the issue of foreign policy? was ist Ihre Meinung zur Außenpolitik?;from where she \stands it seemed reasonable to ask von ihrer Warte aus schien es vernünftig zu fragenI never know where I \stand with my boss ich weiß nie, wie ich mit meinem Chef dran bin ( fam)how do you think your chances \stand of being offered the job? wie, glaubst du, stehen deine Chancen, dass man dir die Stelle anbietet?;with the situation as it \stands right now... so wie die Sache im Moment aussieht,...;to \stand alone beispiellos [o einzigartig] sein;\stand firm on your decision steh fest zu deinem Entschluss;to \stand second/ third an zweiter/dritter Stelle stehen;to \stand accused of sth wegen einer S. gen unter Anklage stehen;to \stand accused of murder des Mordes angeklagt sein;I \stand corrected ich muss mich korrigieren [o gebe meinen Fehler zu];7) ( separate from)to \stand between sb/ sth zwischen jdm/etw stehen;the handouts he got from his parents were all that stood between Dan and destitution es waren allein die Zuwendungen, die Dan von seinen Eltern erhielt, was ihn vor völliger Mittellosigkeit bewahrte8) ( remain valid) gelten, Bestand haben;does that still \stand? ist das noch gültig?, gilt das noch?;his work still \stands as one of the greatest advances in medical theory seine Arbeit gilt immer noch als eine der größten Leistungen in der Medizin;Newtonian mechanics stood for over two hundred years die Newtonsche Mechanik galt zweihundert Jahre lang unangefochtento \stand for sth für etw akk kandidieren;to \stand for election sich akk zur Wahl stellenPHRASES:to \stand on one's own two feet auf eigenen Füßen stehen;it \stands to reason [that]... es ist logisch [o leuchtet ein], dass...;to not leave one stone \standing on another keinen Stein auf dem anderen lassen vt <stood, stood>1) ( place upright)to \stand sth somewhere etw irgendwohin hinstellen;she stood the yardstick upright against the wall sie stellte den Messstab gegen die Wand;to \stand sth on its head etw auf den Kopf stellen2) ( refuse to be moved)to \stand one's ground wie angewurzelt stehen bleiben;( refuse to yield) standhaft bleiben3) ( bear)to not [be able to] \stand sth etw nicht ertragen können;our tent won't \stand another storm unser Zelt wird keinen weiteren Sturm überstehen;she can't \stand anyone touching her sie kann es nicht leiden, wenn man sie anfasst;to not be able to \stand the sight of sth den Anblick von etw dat nicht ertragen können;to \stand the test of time die Zeit überdauern4) ( pay for)to \stand sb sth jdm etw ausgeben [o spendieren];Steven stood us all a drink Steven lud uns alle zu einem Drink ein;to \stand bail for sb für jdn Kaution stellen [o Sicherheit leisten];5) ( fam);to \stand a chance of doing sth gute Aussichten haben, etw zu tun6) lawPHRASES:to \stand sb in good stead jdm von Nutzen [o Vorteil] sein -
14 answer
§ პასუხიcorrect / wrong / clever / foolish / short/ clear / polite / strange / positive / negative answer სწორი / არასწორი / ჭკვიანური / სულელური / მოკლე / გასაგები / თავაზიანე / უცნაური / დადებითი / უარყოფითი პასუხი§1 პასუხის გაცემა (უპასუხებს, პასუხს გასცემს)2 შესატყვისობა (შეესატყვისება)3 პასუხისგება (პასუხს აგებს)answer (to a complaint or law suit) პასუხი გასცე საჩივარს ან სასამართლო განხილვასhe answered all the questions with assurance ქველა შეკითხვას დამაჯერებელი პასუხი გასცა / დამაჯერებლად უპასუხაI’ll answer the bell რეკავენ, კარს გავაღებI bet she is at home but doesn't answer the call დარწმუნებული ვარ, შინაა და ყურმილს არ იღებსa blunt answer პირდაპირი პასუხი // პირში მიხლაa brief report/answer მოკლე მოხსენება / პასუხიhis failure to answer irritated the judge მისმა დუმილმა მოსამართლე გააღიზიანაa clever answer / face / idea ჭკვიანური, გონივრული პასუხი / ჭკვიანური სახე / ჭკვიანური აზრიshe was waiting for him/the train/an answer მას/ მატარებელს/ პასუხს ელოდებოდა;he answered unabashed შეუცბუნრბლად უპასუხა//დაბნევის გარეშე უპასუხაher answer got me მისმა პასუხმა საგონებელში ჩამაგდო /მოთმინება დამაკარგვინაa defiant answer თავხედური / გამომწვევი პასუხიa definitive answer / verdict საბოლოო პასუხი / გადაწყვეტილებაan evasive answer / reply არაპირდაპირი პასუხიa flip answer არასერიოზული / აგდებული პასუხიa foolish idea / answer / mistake სულელური აზრი / პასუხი / შეცდომაa frank answer / person გულწრფელი პასუხი / ადამიანიto ask a question // to answer the question კითხვის დასმა // კითხვაზე პასუხიin answer to our question თქვენი კითხვის პასუხად…a sharp answer უხეში / უკმეხი პასუხიa shifty answer არაპირდაპირი / ორჭოფული პასუხიhe shirked his duty / the straight answer თავის მოვალეობას / პირდაპირ პასუხს თავი აარიდაto answer stiffly მკვახედ / ცივად პასუხის გაცემაa straightforward answer პირდაპირი / გულახდილი პასუხი; ადვილად გასაგები / გამოსაყვანი●●he was slow to answer პასუხი დააყოვნაa smart answer / reply მოსწრებული პასუხიan intelligent answer / decision გონივრული პასუხი / გადაწყვეტილებაa silly remark / answer / joke სულელური შენიშვნა / პასუხი / ხუმრობაa sincere answer / reply გულწრფელი პასუხიnaturally he didn't answer me რასაკვირველია, პასუხი არ გამცაhe answered in the negative უარყოფითი პასუხი მისცა // უარი უთხრაthe answer came pat პასუხი სწრაფად / დროულად მოვიდაa pert child / answer თავხედი ბავშვი // თავხედური პასუხი●●a pointed answer გამომწვევი პასუხიan acid answer მჟავე/უკმეხი პასუხიhe doesn`t answer to the description of the missing man დაკარგული კაცის აღწერილობას არ შეესატყვისებაI can`t answer for his mistakes მის შეცდომებზე პასუხს ვერ ვაგებit will answer the purpose ამ მიზნისათვის ვარგისია / გამოდგება, თავის დანიშნულებას შეასრულებსdon`t answer back! სიტყვას ნუ მიბრუნებ! ნუ მეპასუხები! -
15 in
1. prepositionin the fields — auf den Feldern
shot/wounded in the leg — ins Bein geschossen/am Bein verwundet
in brown shoes — mit braunen Schuhen
3) (with respect to)a change in attitude — eine Änderung der Einstellung; see also academic.ru/34615/herself">herself 1); itself 1)
4) (as a proportionate part of)eight dogs in ten — acht von zehn Hunden; see also gradient
be in the Scouts — bei den Pfadfindern sein
be employed in the Civil Service — als Beamter/Beamtin beschäftigt sein
there are three feet in a yard — ein Yard hat drei Fuß
what is there in this deal for me? — was springt für mich bei dem Geschäft heraus? (ugs.)
there is nothing/not much or little in it — (difference) da ist kein/kein großer Unterschied [zwischen ihnen]
there is something in what you say — an dem, was Sie sagen, ist etwas dran (ugs.)
7) (expr. identity) in (+ Dat.)have a faithful friend in somebody — an jemandem einen treuen Freund haben
8) (concerned with) in (+ Dat.)he's in politics — er ist Politiker
9)be [not] in it — (as competitor) [nicht] dabei od. im Rennen sein
in this way — auf diese Weise; so
a dress in velvet — ein Kleid aus Samt
this sofa is also available in leather/blue — dieses Sofa gibt es auch in Leder/Blau
draw in crayon/ink — etc. mit Kreide/Tinte usw. zeichnen; see also English 2. 1)
in fog/rain — etc. bei Nebel/Regen usw.
in the eighties/nineties — in den Achtzigern/Neunzigern
4 o'clock in the morning/afternoon — 4 Uhr morgens/abends
in 1990 — [im Jahre] 1990
12) (after a period of) in (+ Dat.)in three minutes/years — in drei Minuten/Jahren
13) (within the ability of)have it in one [to do something] — fähig sein [, etwas zu tun]
I didn't know you had it in you — das hätte ich dir nicht zugetraut
there is no malice in him — er hat nichts Bösartiges an sich (Dat.)
14)15)2. adverbin doing this — (by so doing) indem jemand das tut/tat; dadurch
is everyone in? — sind alle drin? (ugs.)
‘In’ — "Einfahrt"/"Eingang"
he's been in and out all day — er war den ganzen Tag über mal da und mal nicht da
3) (included) darin; drin (ugs.)cost £50 all in — 50 Pfund kosten, alles inbegriffen
4) (inward) innen5) (in fashion) in (ugs.); in Mode6) (elected)be in — [Zug, Schiff, Ware, Bewerbung:] da sein; [Ernte:] eingebracht sein
8)somebody is in for something — (about to undergo something) jemandem steht etwas bevor; (taking part in something) jemand nimmt an etwas (Dat.) teil
we're in for it now! — (coll.) jetzt blüht uns was! (ugs.)
9) (coll.): (as participant, accomplice, observer, etc.)be in on the secret/discussion — in das Geheimnis eingeweiht sein/bei der Diskussion dabei sein
3. attributive adjectivebe [well] in with somebody — mit jemandem [gut] auskommen
(fashionable) Mode-the in crowd — die Clique, die gerade in ist (ugs.)
4. nounin joke — Insiderwitz, der
* * *(in(to) usually small pieces: The broken mirror lay in bits on the floor; He loves taking his car to bits.) in Stücke* * *in[ɪn]I. PREPOSITIONthe butter is \in the fridge die Butter ist im KühlschrankI live \in New York/Germany ich lebe in New York/Deutschlandhe read it \in the paper er hat es in der Zeitung gelesensoak it \in warm water lassen Sie es in warmem Wasser einweichenI've got a pain \in my back ich habe Schmerzen im Rückenwho's the woman \in that painting? wer ist die Frau auf diesem Bild?he is deaf \in his left ear er hört auf dem linken Ohr nichtsdown below \in the valley unten im Tal\in a savings account auf einem Sparkontoto lie in bed/the sun im Bett/in der Sonne liegento ride \in a car [im] Auto fahrento be \in hospital im Krankenhaus seinto be \in prison im Gefängnis seinto be \in a prison in einem Gefängnis sein (als Besucher)\in the street auf der StraßeI just put too much milk \in my coffee ich habe zu viel Milch in meinen Kaffee getanhe went \in the rain er ging hinaus in den Regenslice the potatoes \in two schneiden Sie die Kartoffel einmal durchto get \in the car ins Auto steigento invest \in the future in die Zukunft investierento invest one's savings \in stocks seine Ersparnisse in Aktien anlegento get \in trouble Schwierigkeiten bekommen, in Schwierigkeiten geratenis Erika still \in school? ist Erika noch auf der Schule?Boris is \in college Boris ist auf dem Collegehe was a singer \in a band er war Sänger in einer Bandthere are 31 days in March der März hat 31 Tageget together \in groups of four! bildet Vierergruppen!you're with us \in our thoughts wir denken an dich, in Gedanken sind wir bei dirhe cried out \in pain er schrie vor Schmerzenhe always drinks \in excess er trinkt immer zu viel\in anger im Zorndark \in colour dunkelfarbigdifference \in quality Qualitätsunterschied mto be \in [no] doubt [nicht] zweifeln [o im Zweifel sein]\in his excitement in seiner Begeisterung\in horror voller Entsetzen\in all honesty in aller Aufrichtigkeitto be \in a hurry es eilig habento be \in love [with sb] [in jdn] verliebt seinto fall \in love [with sb] sich akk [in jdn] verliebento live \in luxury im Luxus lebento be \in in a good mood guter Laune sein\in private vertraulichto put sth \in order etw in Ordnung bringen\in a state of panic in Panik\in secret im Geheimen, heimlichto tell sb sth \in all seriousness jdm etw in vollem Ernst sagen, in + datit was covered \in dirt es war mit Schmutz überzogento pay \in cash [in] bar bezahlento pay \in dollars mit [o in] Dollar zahlento write \in ink/pencil mit Tinte/Bleistift schreibento paint \in oils in Öl malen\in writing schriftlichMozart's Piano Concerto \in E flat Mozarts Klavierkonzert in E-Moll\in English/French/German auf Englisch/Französisch/Deutschto listen to music \in stereo Musik stereo hörento speak \in a loud/small voice mit lauter/leiser Stimme sprechento talk \in a whisper sehr leise reden, mit Flüsterstimme sprechen, in + dathe's getting forgetful \in his old age er wird vergesslich auf seine alten Tageshe assisted the doctor \in the operation sie assistierte dem Arzt bei der Operation\in 1968 [im Jahre] 1968\in the end am Ende, schließlichto be with the Lord \in eternity bei Gott im Himmel seinto be \in one's forties in den Vierzigern sein\in March/May im März/Mai\in the morning/afternoon/evening morgens [o am Morgen] /nachmittags [o am Nachmittag] /abends [o am Abend]\in the late 60s in den späten Sechzigern\in spring/summer/autumn/winter im Frühling/Sommer/Herbst/Winterdinner will be ready \in ten minutes das Essen ist in zehn Minuten fertigI'll be ready \in a week's time in einer Woche werde ich fertig seinhe learnt to drive \in two weeks in [o innerhalb von] zwei Wochen konnte er Auto fahrento return \in a few minutes/hours/days in einigen Minuten/Stunden/Tagen zurückkommen\in record time in Rekordzeitshe hasn't heard from him \in six months sie hat seit sechs Monaten nichts mehr von ihm gehörtI haven't done that \in a long time ich habe das lange Zeit nicht mehr gemachtI haven't seen her \in years ich habe sie seit Jahren nicht gesehenthe house should be coming up \in about one mile das Haus müsste nach einer Meile auftauchen12. (job, profession)he's \in computers er hat mit Computern zu tunshe's \in business/politics sie ist Geschäftsfrau/Politikerinshe works \in publishing sie arbeitet bei einem Verlagto enlist \in the army sich akk als Soldat verpflichtenhe was all \in black er war ganz in Schwarzyou look nice \in green Grün steht dirthe woman \in the hat die Frau mit dem Hutthe man [dressed] \in the grey suit der Mann in dem grauen Anzugto be \in disguise verkleidet sein\in the nude nacktto sunbathe \in the nude nackt sonnenbadento be \in uniform Uniform tragen14. (result) als\in conclusion schließlich, zum Schluss\in exchange als Ersatz, dafür\in fact tatsächlich, in Wirklichkeit\in that... ( form) insofern alsI was fortunate \in that I had friends ich hatte Glück, weil ich Freunde hatte\in attempting to save the child, he nearly lost his own life bei dem Versuch, das Kind zu retten, kam er beinahe selbst um\in refusing to work abroad, she missed a good job weil sie sich weigerte, im Ausland zu arbeiten, entging ihr ein guter Job\in saying this, I will offend him wenn ich das sage, würde ich ihn beleidigen\in doing so dabei, damittemperatures tomorrow will be \in the mid-twenties die Temperaturen werden sich morgen um 25 Grad bewegenhe's about six foot \in height er ist ungefähr zwei Meter großa novel \in 3 parts ein Roman in 3 Teilenpeople died \in their thousands die Menschen starben zu Tausendento be equal \in weight gleich viel wiegen\in total insgesamtthe potatoes are twenty pence \in the pound die Kartoffeln kosten zwanzig Pence pro Pfundshe has a one \in three chance ihre Chancen stehen eins zu dreione \in ten people jeder zehnteto interfere \in sb's business sich akk in jds Angelegenheiten einmischento share \in sb's success an jds Erfolg teilnehmen19. after nshe underwent a change \in style sie hat ihren Stil geändertshe had no say \in the decision sie hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Entscheidungto have confidence \in sb jdm vertrauen, Vertrauen zu jdm haben20. (in a person)▪ \in sb mit jdmwe're losing a very good sales agent \in Kim mit Kim verlieren wir eine sehr gute Verkaufsassistentinit's not \in me to lie ich kann nicht lügento not have it \in oneself to do sth nicht in der Lage sein, etw zu tunthese themes can often be found \in Schiller diese Themen kommen bei Schiller oft vor22.▶ \in all insgesamtthere were 10 of us \in all wir waren zu zehnt▶ all \in all alles in allemall \in all it's been a good year insgesamt gesehen, war es ein gutes Jahr▶ \in between dazwischen▶ there's nothing [or not much] [or very little] \in it da ist kein großer Unterschied▶ to be \in and out of sth:she's been \in and out of hospitals ever since the accident sie war seit dem Unfall immer wieder im KrankenhausII. ADVERBcome \in! herein!\in with you! rein mit dir!he opened the door and went \in er öffnete die Tür und ging hineinshe was locked \in sie war eingesperrtcould you bring the clothes \in? könntest du die Wäsche hereinholen?she didn't ask me \in sie hat mich nicht hereingebetenthe sea was freezing, but \in she went das Meer war eiskalt, doch sie kannte nichts und ging hineinto bring the harvest \in die Ernte einbringenthe train got \in very late der Zug ist sehr spät eingetroffenthe bus is due \in any moment now der Bus müsste jetzt jeden Moment kommenis the tide coming \in or going out? kommt oder geht die Flut?we watched the ship come \in wir sahen zu, wie das Schiff einlief6.▶ day \in, day out tagein, tagausIII. ADJECTIVEis David \in? ist David da?I'm afraid Mr Jenkins is not \in at the moment Herr Jenkins ist leider gerade nicht im Hause formto have a quiet evening \in einen ruhigen Abend zu Hause verbringendoor \in Eingangstür f\in-tray AUS, BRIT\in-box AM Behälter m für eingehende Post▪ to be \in in [o angesagt] seinto be the \in place to dance/dine ein angesagtes Tanzlokal/Restaurant seinwhen does your essay have to be \in? wann musst du deinen Essay abgeben?the application must be \in by May 31 die Bewerbung muss bis zum 31. Mai eingegangen seinthe ball was definitely \in! der Ball war keineswegs im Aus!pumpkins are \in! Kürbisse jetzt frisch!9.you'll be \in for it if... du kannst dich auf was gefasst machen, wenn...▶ to be [well] \in with sb bei jdm gut angeschrieben seinshe just says those things to get \in with the teacher sie sagt so was doch nur, um sich beim Lehrer lieb Kind zu machenIV. NOUNhe wants to get involved with that group but doesn't have an \in er würde gern mit dieser Gruppe in Kontakt kommen, aber bis jetzt fehlt ihm die Eintrittskarte2. AM POL▪ the \ins die Regierungspartei3.▶ to understand the \ins and outs of sth etw hundertprozentig verstehen* * *[ɪn]1. PREPOSITIONWhen in is the second element of a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, hand in, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in danger, in the end, weak in, wrapped in, look up the other word.it was in the lorry/bag/car — es war auf dem Lastwagen/in der Tasche/im Auto
he put it in the lorry/car/bag — er legte es auf den Lastwagen/ins Auto/steckte es in die Tasche
in here/there — hierin/darin, hier/da drin (inf); (with motion) hier/da hinein or rein (inf)
in the street — auf der/die Straße
to stay in the house — im Haus or (at home) zu Hause or zuhause (Aus, Sw) bleiben
in bed/prison — im Bett/Gefängnis
in Germany/Switzerland/the United States — in Deutschland/der Schweiz/den Vereinigten Staaten after the superlative, in is sometimes untranslated and the genitive case used instead.
the best in the class — der Beste der Klasse, der Klassenbeste
2) people beiyou can find examples of this in Dickens —
he doesn't have it in him to... — er bringt es nicht fertig,... zu...
3) dates, seasons, time of day in (+dat)in the morning(s) — morgens, am Morgen, am Vormittag
in the afternoon — nachmittags, am Nachmittag
in the daytime — tagsüber, während des Tages
in the evening — abends, am Abend
in those days — damals, zu jener Zeit
4) time of life in (+dat)in childhood — in der Kindheit, im Kindesalter
5) interval of time in (+dat)in a week( 's time) — in einer Woche
in a moment or minute — sofort, gleich
6) numbers, quantities zuto count in fives —
in large/small quantities — in großen/kleinen Mengen
in some measure — in gewisser Weise, zu einem gewissen Grad
in part — teilweise, zum Teil
7)he has a one in 500 chance of winning — er hat eine Gewinnchance von eins zu 500one book/child in ten — jedes zehnte Buch/Kind, ein Buch/Kind von zehn
8)manner, state, condition
to speak in a loud/soft voice — mit lauter/leiser Stimme sprechen, laut/leise sprechento speak in a whisper — flüstern, flüsternd sprechen
to speak in German —
the background is painted in red — der Hintergrund ist rot( gemalt) or in Rot gehalten
to stand in a row/in groups — in einer Reihe/in Gruppen stehen
to live in luxury/poverty — im Luxus/in Armut leben
9) clothes in (+dat)in his shirt sleeves — in Hemdsärmeln, hemdsärmelig
she was dressed in silk —
10)substance, material
upholstered in silk — mit Seide bezogento write in ink/pencil — mit Tinte/Bleistift schreiben
in marble — in Marmor, marmorn
a sculptor who works in marble — ein Bildhauer, der mit Marmor arbeitet
11)blind in the left eye — auf dem linken Auge blind, links blinda rise in prices — ein Preisanstieg m, ein Anstieg m der Preise
12)occupation, activity
he is in the army — er ist beim Militärhe is in banking/the motor business — er ist im Bankwesen/in der Autobranche (tätig)
13)__diams; in + -ing in saying this, I... — wenn ich das sage,... ichin trying to escape — beim Versuch zu fliehen, beim Fluchtversuch
in trying to save him she fell into the water herself — beim Versuch or als sie versuchte, ihn zu retten, fiel sie selbst ins Wasser
but in saying this —
he made a mistake in saying that — es war ein Fehler von ihm, das zu sagen
the plan was unrealistic in that it didn't take account of the fact that... — der Plan war unrealistisch, da or weil er nicht berücksichtigte, dass...
2. ADVERBWhen in is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg come in, live in, sleep in, look up the verb.da; (at home also) zu Hause, zuhause (Aus, Sw)there is nobody in — es ist niemand da/zu Hause to be in may require a more specific translation.
he's in for a surprise/disappointment — ihm steht eine Überraschung/Enttäuschung bevor, er kann sich auf eine Überraschung/Enttäuschung gefasst machen
we are in for rain/a cold spell — uns (dat) steht Regen/eine Kältewelle bevor
he's in for it! — der kann sich auf was gefasst machen (inf), der kann sich freuen (iro) __diams; to have it in for sb (inf) es auf jdn abgesehen haben (inf) __diams; to be in on sth an einer Sache beteiligt sein; on secret etc über etw (acc) Bescheid wissen
he likes to be in on things — er mischt gern (überall) mit (inf) __diams; to be (well) in with sb sich gut mit jdm verstehen
3. ADJECTIVE(inf) in inv (inf)long skirts are in — lange Röcke sind in (inf) or sind in Mode
the in thing — das, was zurzeit in ist (inf) or Mode ist
the in thing is to... — es ist zurzeit in (inf) or Mode, zu...
4. the insPLURAL NOUN1) = details __diams; the ins and outs die Einzelheiten plto know the ins and outs of sth —
I don't know the ins and outs of the situation — über die Einzelheiten der Sache weiß ich nicht Bescheid
2) POL US* * *in [ın]A präp1. (räumlich, auf die Frage: wo?) in (dat), innerhalb (gen), an (dat), auf (dat):in England (London) in England (London); → blind A 1 a, country A 5, field A 1, room A 2, sky A 1, street A 1, etc3. bei (Schriftstellern):4. (auf die Frage: wohin?) in (akk):put it in your pocket steck es in die Tasche5. (Zustand, Beschaffenheit, Art und Weise) in (dat), auf (akk), mit:in G major MUS in G-Dur; → arm2 Bes Redew, brief B 1, case1 A 2, cash1 A 2, doubt C 1, C 3, dozen, English B 2, group A 1, manner 1, ruin A 2, short C 2, tear1 1, word Bes Redew, writing A 4, etcbe in it beteiligt sein, teilnehmen;he isn’t in it er gehört nicht dazu;a) es lohnt sich nicht,7. (Tätigkeit, Beschäftigung) in (dat), bei, mit, auf (dat):8. (im Besitz, in der Macht) in (dat), bei, an (dat):a) in oder binnen zwei Stunden,b) während zweier Stunden;in 1985 1985; → beginning 1, daytime, evening A 1, flight2, October, reign A 1, time Bes Redew, winter A 1, year 1, etc13. (Hinsicht, Beziehung) in (dat), an (dat), in Bezug auf (akk):the latest thing in das Neueste in oder an oder auf dem Gebiet (gen); → equal A 10, far Bes Redew, itself 3, number A 2, that3 4, width 1, etc15. (Mittel, Material, Stoff) in (dat), aus, mit, durch:in black boots in oder mit schwarzen Stiefeln;16. (Zahl, Betrag) in (dat), aus, von, zu:seven in all insgesamt oder im Ganzen sieben;there are 60 minutes in an hour eine Stunde hat 60 Minuten;one in ten Americans einer von zehn Amerikanern, jeder zehnte Amerikaner;B adv1. innen, drinnen:in among mitten unter (akk od dat);know in and out jemanden, etwas ganz genau kennen, in- und auswendig kennen;be in for sth etwas zu erwarten haben;now you are in for it umg jetzt bist du dran:a) jetzt kannst du nicht mehr zurückhe is in for a shock er wird einen gewaltigen Schreck oder einen Schock bekommen;I am in for an examination mir steht eine Prüfung bevor;a) eingeweiht sein in (akk),b) beteiligt sein an (dat);be in with sb mit jemandem gutstehen;3. hinein:4. da, (an)gekommen:5. zu Hause, im Zimmer etc:Mrs Brown is not in Mrs. Brown ist nicht da oder zu Hause;he has been in and out all day er kommt und geht schon den ganzen Tag6. POL an der Macht, an der Regierung, am Ruder umg:8. SCHIFFa) im Hafenb) beschlagen, festgemacht (Segel)c) zum Hafen:on the way in beim Einlaufen (in den Hafen)C adj1. im Innern oder im Hause befindlich, Innen…2. POL an der Macht befindlich:in party Regierungspartei f3. nach Hause kommend:the in train der ankommende Zug4. an in restaurant ein Restaurant, das gerade in ist;the in people die Leute, die alles mitmachen, was gerade in istD s1. pl POL US Regierungspartei f2. Winkel m, Ecke f:a) alle Winkel und Ecken,know all the ins and outs of sich ganz genau auskennen bei oder in (dat), in- und auswendig kennen (akk)* * *1. preposition1) (position; also fig.) in (+ Dat.)shot/wounded in the leg — ins Bein geschossen/am Bein verwundet
2) (wearing as dress) in (+ Dat.); (wearing as headgear) mita change in attitude — eine Änderung der Einstellung; see also herself 1); itself 1)
eight dogs in ten — acht von zehn Hunden; see also gradient
5) (as a member of) in (+ Dat.)be employed in the Civil Service — als Beamter/Beamtin beschäftigt sein
there is nothing/not much or little in it — (difference) da ist kein/kein großer Unterschied [zwischen ihnen]
there is something in what you say — an dem, was Sie sagen, ist etwas dran (ugs.)
7) (expr. identity) in (+ Dat.)8) (concerned with) in (+ Dat.)9)be [not] in it — (as competitor) [nicht] dabei od. im Rennen sein
10) (with the means of; having as material or colour)in this way — auf diese Weise; so
this sofa is also available in leather/blue — dieses Sofa gibt es auch in Leder/Blau
draw in crayon/ink — etc. mit Kreide/Tinte usw. zeichnen; see also English 2. 1)
11) (while, during)in fog/rain — etc. bei Nebel/Regen usw.
in the eighties/nineties — in den Achtzigern/Neunzigern
4 o'clock in the morning/afternoon — 4 Uhr morgens/abends
in 1990 — [im Jahre] 1990
12) (after a period of) in (+ Dat.)in three minutes/years — in drei Minuten/Jahren
have it in one [to do something] — fähig sein [, etwas zu tun]
14)15)2. adverbin doing this — (by so doing) indem jemand das tut/tat; dadurch
1) (inside) hinein[gehen usw.]; (towards speaker) herein[kommen usw.]is everyone in? — sind alle drin? (ugs.)
‘In’ — "Einfahrt"/"Eingang"
2) (at home, work, etc.)3) (included) darin; drin (ugs.)cost £50 all in — 50 Pfund kosten, alles inbegriffen
4) (inward) innen5) (in fashion) in (ugs.); in Mode6) (elected)be in — [Zug, Schiff, Ware, Bewerbung:] da sein; [Ernte:] eingebracht sein
8)somebody is in for something — (about to undergo something) jemandem steht etwas bevor; (taking part in something) jemand nimmt an etwas (Dat.) teil
we're in for it now! — (coll.) jetzt blüht uns was! (ugs.)
9) (coll.): (as participant, accomplice, observer, etc.)be in on the secret/discussion — in das Geheimnis eingeweiht sein/bei der Diskussion dabei sein
3. attributive adjectivebe [well] in with somebody — mit jemandem [gut] auskommen
(fashionable) Mode-the in crowd — die Clique, die gerade in ist (ugs.)
4. nounin joke — Insiderwitz, der
* * *adj.hinein adj. prep.an präp.auf präp.in präp. -
16 right
̈ɪraɪt I
1. сущ.
1) право;
справедливое требование( to - на что-л.) ;
привилегия to abdicate, relinquish, renounce, sign away, waive a right ≈ отказываться от права to achieve, gain a right ≈ приобретать право to achieve full civil rights ≈ получать все права гражданина to assert, claim a right ≈ отстаивать, защищать право to deny (smb.) a right ≈ отнимать( у кого-л.) право, отказать кому-л. в праве to enjoy, exercise a right ≈ пользоваться правом to have a right ≈ иметь право to protect, safeguard smb.'s rights ≈ защищать чьи-л. права patients' rights ≈ права пациента political rights ≈ политические права property rights ≈ права собственности intellectual property rights ≈ авторские права veterans' rights ≈ права ветеранов voting rights ≈ право голоса women's rights ≈ права женщин the right of a free press ≈ свобода прессы the right of free speech ≈ свобода слова the right to privacy ≈ право на уединение, на частную жизнь divine right exclusive right grazing right inalienable right inherent right legal right natural right second serial right sole right vested right civil rights conjugal rights consumers' rights film rights human rights individual rights mineral rights Syn: prerogative
1., privilege
1., freedom
2) правота;
справедливость;
правильность;
(часто во фразе:) do smb. right ≈ отдавать кому-л. должное, справедливость Syn: justice, correctness
3) мн. права (на использование чего-л.)
4) обыкн. мн. действительность, истинное положение вещей
5) мн. порядок ∙ by right or wrong
2. прил.
1) правый, правильный, справедливый, верный а) (о поведении, поступках, высказываниях и т. п.) You were right to refuse. ≈ Вы правильно сделали, что отказались. Always do what is right and honourable. ≈ Всегда совершай только правильные и честные поступки. right you are! б) (о положении дел) What is the right time? ≈ Каково точное время? put right ∙ Syn: true
1., correct
1., accurate Ant: wrong
2.
2) подходящий, надлежащий;
уместный;
именно тот, который нужен Are we on the right road? ≈ Мы по той дороге едем? He is the right man for the job. ≈ Для этой работы он подходящая кандидатура. Syn: suitable, fitting
2., proper
1., appropriate
1.
3) в хорошем или нормальном состоянии;
здоровый Do you fell all right? ≈ Вы нормально себя чувствуете. not right in the head right as rain Syn: sound II
1., sane
4) прямой (градусная мера которого 90 градусов - об угле) at the right angle at a right angle to
3. нареч.
1) правильно, верно;
справедливо Have I guess right or wrong? ≈ Я угадал или нет? if I remember right ≈ если память мне не изменяет Syn: justly, correctly Ant: wrong
3.
2) надлежащим образом;
как следует Nothing seems to go right with him. ≈ Он никогда ничего не может нормально сделать. Syn: properly
3) прямо, по прямой линии Syn: straight
2., directly
1.
4) точно, как раз The wind was right in our faces. ≈ Ветер дул прямо нам в лицо. right here right now right away right off
5) полностью, совершенно The pear was rotten right through. ≈ Груша была целиком сгнившей. Syn: completely
6) очень we were right glad to hear that... ≈ мы были очень рады услышать, что... Syn: very
2. ∙ right off the bat come right in
4. гл.
1) выпрямлять(ся) ;
исправлять(ся) right oneself right a wrong
2) защищать права II
1. сущ.
1) правая сторона
2) (the Rights) мн.;
коллект. полит. правые the extreme, far rights ≈ крайне правые
2. прил.
1) правый right hand ≈ правая рука Ant: left I
1.
2) полит. правый, реакционный Ant: left I
1.
3) лицевой, правый ( о стороне материала) Syn: wrong
2.
3. нареч. направо right and left right turn! right face! правильность, правота, справедливость - by * or wrong всеми правдами и неправдами - to be in the * быть правым - to defend the * защищать справедливость /правое дело/ - to know the difference between * and wrong знать, что правильно и что неправильно;
отличать белое от черного - to do smb. * отдавать кому-л. должное;
поступать с кем-л. справедливо право;
привилегия - civil *s гражданские права - fundamental *s основные права - human *s права человека - natural *s of man естественные права человека - treaty *s договорные права - * of action (юридическое) право на иск - * to work право на труд - *s and duties права и обязанности - * of legation( дипломатическое) право посольства;
право посылать дипломатическое представительство - * of passage право проезда, прохода и т. п. - * of common право на совместное /общее/ пользование( чем-л.) ;
общее /совместное/ право (на что-л.) - * of war (юридическое) право войны, право обращения к войне - to claim a /one's/ * предъявить претензию( на что-л.) ;
требовать своего, требовать причитающегося по праву - as of * как полагающийся по праву;
как само собой разумеющийся - to be member as of * быть автоматически членом (организации) - pensions should be given as of * пенсии должны назначаться как нечто полагающееся по праву - in one's own * (юридическое) в своем праве;
по себе;
сам по себе, независимо от других людей или обстоятельств - a peeress in her own * пэресса в своем праве;
женщина-пэр - a queen in her own * царствующая королева, королева по себе (в отличие от жены короля) - Marie Curie was a great scientist in her own * Мария Кюри и сама была выдающимся ученым - by * of по праву (чего-л.) - by *(s) по праву, справедливо - the property is not mine by * это имущество не принадлежит мне по праву pl право на разработку или эксплуатацию чего-л. - mineral *s право на разработку недр - fishing *s право на рыбную ловлю право на использование произведения искусства - film *s of the novel право на экранизацию романа - stage * право на постановку пьесы обыкн. pl действительные факты, истинное положение вещей - the *s (and wrongs) of a case состояние дела pl порядок - to bring /to set, to put/ to *s приводить в порядок /в должное состояние/;
наводить порядок;
восстановить силы, вылечить - he set the boy to *s and showed him where his duty lay он разъяснил юноше его заблуждения и указал ему на его истинные обязанности - to be to *s быть в порядке правый, справедливый - to be * быть правым - to do the * thing by smb. справедливо поступить с кем-л. - to do what is * правильно поступить;
сделать то, что следует - it would be only * to tell you было бы только справедливо сказать вам - it is not * to tell lies лгать нехорошо верный, правильный - the * answer верный /правильный/ ответ - * use of words правильное употребление слов - * account of the matter правильное изложение дела - to get smth. * прекрасно понять что-л., быть /стать/ совершенно ясным (для кого-л.) - to get it * понять правильно - that's * верно, совершенно справедливо, правильно - * you are! верно!, ваша правда!;
идет!, есть такое дело! - is that the * address? это правильный адрес? - can you tell me the * time? скажите, пожалуйста, точно, который сейчас час? надлежащий;
подходящий, уместный - the * size нужный размер - just the * colour как раз подходящий цвет - the * man in the * place человек на своем месте, подходящий для данного дела человек - the * house тот самый дом( который нужен) - not the * Mr. Smith не тот г-н Смит (а другой) - he will always find the * thing to say он всегда говорит подходящие слова /кстати;
то, что следует/ - he understood that it was not the * thing to do он понял, что этого не следовало делать здоровый, в хорошем состоянии;
исправный - to feel all * хорошо себя чувствовать - to be all * быть в порядке;
чувствовать себя хорошо - not * in the head ненормальный, безумный - in one's * mind в здравом уме;
нормальный - to put /to set/ smth. * исправить /поправить/ что-л. - to set things * уладить дела - to set oneself * with smb. оправдать себя в чьих-л. глазах - this medicine will soon put you * от этого лекарства вы скоро поправитесь - a good night's rest will set you * за ночь вы отдохнете как следует и снова будете чувствовать себя хорошо (часто with) наиболее удобный, предпочтительный - if it is all * with you если это вас устраивает - are you all * now? удобно ли вам теперь? - is it all * for me to come this evening? вы не возражаете, если я приду сегодня вечером? - it is all * with him он согласен, он не против этого прямой (о линии, угле) лицевой, правый (о стороне материи) - to iron the * side гладить с лица - * side up налицо, лицевой стороной /лицом/ кверху( редкое) праведный часто (ироничное) занимающий положение в обществе - he knows all the * people он знает всех нужных людей > Miss R. будущая жена;
суженая > Mr. R. будущий муж;
суженый > on the * side of 40 моложе 40 лет > * as rain /as a trivet/ в хорошем состоянии, в полном порядке;
совершенно здоров;
в добром здравии, цел и невредим справедливо - to act * действовать /поступать/ справедливо - to live * жить честно - it serves him * поделом ему, так ему и надо верно, правильно - about * более или менее правильно /достаточно/ - to guess * догадаться, отгадать - to get /to do/ a sum * правильно решить пример надлежащим образом - to do a thing * делать что-л. как следует - do it * or not at all делайте это как следует или не беритесь вовсе - nothing goes * with him у него все идет не так точно, как раз - * in the middle как раз /точно/ в середине - * at the moment как раз в тот самый момент прямо - * opposite прямо напротив - * after lunch сразу после завтрака - to go * ahead идти прямо вперед - the wind was * behind us ветер дул нам прямо в спину - curtains * to the floor шторы до самого пола - come * in! (американизм) входите (пожалуйста) ! (эмоционально-усилительно) совершенно, полностью - * to the end до самого конца - rotten * through прогнивший насквозь - to turn * round повернуться кругом, сделать полный поворот - to sink * to the bottom погрузиться на самое дно - veranda * round the house веранда вокруг всего дома - he felt * at home он чувствовал себя совсем как дома (устаревшее) очень - a * pleasant day прекрасный /очень приятный/ день - to know * well очень хорошо знать (что-л.) - a * cunning worker очень искусный работник - to feast * royally пировать совсем по-царски - I was * glad to hear it я был искренне рад услышать это > * here как раз здесь;
в эту минуту > * now в этот момент, сейчас, сегодня же, сразу > * away, (американизм) * off сразу, немедленно > let's go * away or we'll be late пойдем сейчас же, иначе мы опоздаем > I'll do it * я сразу же сделаю это > to put /to set/ oneself * with smb. снискать чью-л. благосклонность;
оправдать себя в чьих-л. глазах;
помириться с кем-л. > to put smb. * with smb. оправдать кого-л. в чьих-л. глазах > * off the boat (американизм) с места в карьер, сразу же > R. Reverend Его преосвященство;
епископ > R. Honourable достопочтенный( титулование пэров, министров и т. п.) исправлять;
восстанавливать справедливость - to * injustice устранять несправедливость - to * an error исправить ошибку - to * a wrong восстановить справедливость защищать права - to * the oppressed защищать права угнетенных исправлять (ошибки и т. п.) - that is a fault that will * itself это само собой исправится выпрямлять - to * a boat выравнивать лодку - to * the helm (морское) поставить руль прямо - to * oneself выпрямляться;
реабилитировать себя - the driver quickly *ed the car after it skidded водитель быстро справился с машиной, когда ее занесло выпрямляться приводить в порядок - to * a room убирать комнату, наводить порядок в комнате компенсировать( что-л.), возмещать (убытки) правая сторона - to turn to the * повернуть направо - to keep to the * держаться правой стороны - to sit on the * of the host сидеть направо /по правую руку/ от хозяина (военное) правый фланг - our troops attacked the enemy's * наши войска атаковали правый фланг противника (the R.) (собирательнле) (политика) правая партия, правые консерваторы удар правой рукой;
правая рука (бокс) - he got in one with his * он нанес удар правой (рукой) - he gave him a hard * on the jaw правой рукой он нанес ему сильный удар в челюсть правая перчатка, правый ботинок и т. п. правый - * hand правая рука - to the * hand направо - on the * hand справа - * turn правый поворот;
поворот направо - * driving езда по правой стороне;
правостороннее движение - * back правый защитник (футбол) - * forward( спортивное) правый нападающий - * man (военное) правофланговый( часто R.) (политика) правый, реакционный - the * wing of a party правое крыло партии > to put one's * hand to the work работать энергично направо - he looked neither * nor left он не посмотрел ни вправо, ни влево - * step! шаг вправо! (команда) - * face /turn/! направо!( команда) - * about face! (через правое плечо) кругом! (команда) - eyes *! равнение направо! (команда) > * and left справа и слева;
везде, где попало > he owes money * and left он кругом в долгу acknowledge a ~ признавать право acquire a ~ получать право acquired ~ юр. полученное право acquired ~ юр. приобретенное право adverse ~ противоположное право all ~ в порядке;
вполне удовлетворительный;
he is all right он чувствует себя хорошо;
everything is all right with your plan с вашим планом все в порядке all ~ вполне удовлетворительно, приемлемо;
как нужно all ~ подходящий, устраивающий (кого-л.) ;
is it all right with you? вас это устраивает? all ~ хорошо!, ладно!, согласен! appendant ~ дополнительное право ~ здоровый, в хорошем состоянии;
исправный;
to put right исправить;
are you right now? удобно ли вам теперь?;
I feel all right я чувствую себя хорошо artist's ~ право на художественную собственность asylum ~ право убежища ~ прямой (о линии, об угле) ;
at the right angle под прямым углом bargaining ~ право ведения переговоров to be all ~ быть в порядке to be all ~ чувствовать себя хорошо;
if it's all right with you если это вас устраивает, если вы согласны;
on the right side of thirty моложе 30 лет ~ справедливость;
правильность;
to do (smb.) right отдавать (кому-л.) должное, справедливость;
to be in the right быть правым ~ правый, справедливый;
to be right быть правым be sure you bring the ~ book смотрите, принесите ту книгу, которую нужно;
the right size нужный размер ~ pl порядок;
to set (или to put) to rights навести порядок;
привести в порядок;
to be to rights быть в порядке;
by right or wrong всеми правдами и неправдами beneficial ~ право получения доходов с доверительной собственности beneficial ~ право пользования собственностью для извлечения выгоды birth ~ право первородства birth ~ право по рождению bonus ~ право на получение льгот ~ право;
справедливое требование (to) ;
привилегия;
right to work право на труд;
rights and duties права и обязанности;
by right of по праву (чего-л.) ~ pl порядок;
to set (или to put) to rights навести порядок;
привести в порядок;
to be to rights быть в порядке;
by right or wrong всеми правдами и неправдами civil ~ гражданское право ~ here в эту минуту;
right now в этот момент;
come right in амер. входите consequential ~ право, вытекающее из другого права constitutional ~ конституционное право contractual ~ право, вытекающее из контракта conversion ~ право конверсии corporeal ~ вещное право create a ~ создавать право diffusion ~ право распространения ~ справедливость;
правильность;
to do (smb.) right отдавать (кому-л.) должное, справедливость;
to be in the right быть правым ~ верный, правильный;
right use of words правильное употребление слов;
to do what is right делать то, что правильно;
he is always right он всегда прав drawing ~ право жеребьевки drawing ~ право заимствования equal ~ равноправный all ~ в порядке;
вполне удовлетворительный;
he is all right он чувствует себя хорошо;
everything is all right with your plan с вашим планом все в порядке exclusive ~ исключительное право extinguishing a ~ аннулирование права first mortgage ~ право первой закладной flush ~ вчт. выровненное правое поле full legal ~ законное право собственности, соединенное с фактическим владением fundamental ~ основное право ~ правильно, верно;
справедливо;
to get it right понять правильно;
to get (или to do) a sum right верно решить задачу;
to guess right правильно угадать ~ прямо;
go right ahead идите прямо вперед ~ правильно, верно;
справедливо;
to get it right понять правильно;
to get (или to do) a sum right верно решить задачу;
to guess right правильно угадать all ~ в порядке;
вполне удовлетворительный;
he is all right он чувствует себя хорошо;
everything is all right with your plan с вашим планом все в порядке ~ верный, правильный;
right use of words правильное употребление слов;
to do what is right делать то, что правильно;
he is always right он всегда прав honorary ~ почетное право human ~ права человека human ~ право человека ~ здоровый, в хорошем состоянии;
исправный;
to put right исправить;
are you right now? удобно ли вам теперь?;
I feel all right я чувствую себя хорошо ~ очень;
I know right well я очень хорошо знаю;
right away, right off сразу;
немедленно;
right off the bat амер. = с места в карьер;
сразу же to be all ~ чувствовать себя хорошо;
if it's all right with you если это вас устраивает, если вы согласны;
on the right side of thirty моложе 30 лет in one's own ~ по праву (благодаря титулу, образованию и т. п.) ;
to reserve the right оставлять за собой право inalienable ~ неотъемлемое право incorporeal ~ право требования;
право, могущее быть основанием для иска indefeasible ~ неотъемлемое право indisputable ~ неоспоримое право individual ~ частное право all ~ подходящий, устраивающий (кого-л.) ;
is it all right with you? вас это устраивает? landing ~ право на высадку legal ~ субъективное право, основанное на нормах общего права licensing ~ лицензионное право licensing ~ разрешительное право maintenance of acquired ~s сохранение приобретенных прав (на пению, другие виды социального обеспечения) managerial ~ право руководителя marital ~ супружеское право;
право, возникающее в связи с вступлением в брак marketing ~s права на продажу membership ~ право членства minority ~ право меньшинства moral ~ моральное право natural ~ естественное право the ~ man in the ~ place человек на своем месте, человек, подходящий для данного дела;
not the right Mr Jones не тот мр Джоунз notification ~ право уведомления to be all ~ чувствовать себя хорошо;
if it's all right with you если это вас устраивает, если вы согласны;
on the right side of thirty моложе 30 лет ore mining ~ право на горнорудные разработки partial ~ неполное право participation ~ право на участие в прибылях partnership ~ право на участие pension ~ право на получение пенсии personal ~ личное право political ~ политическое право possessory ~ право собственности preemption ~ преимущественное право на покупку preemptive ~ преимущественное право на покупку preemptive subscription ~ преимущественное право на покупку акций по подписке preferential subscription ~ преимущественное право подписки на акции prescriptive ~ право, основанное на давности prior ~ преимущественное право priority ~ преимущественное право proprietary ~ вещное право proprietary ~ право собственности protective ~ защитительное право prove one's ~ доказывать право publishing ~ право на издание ~ здоровый, в хорошем состоянии;
исправный;
to put right исправить;
are you right now? удобно ли вам теперь?;
I feel all right я чувствую себя хорошо reemployment ~ право на получение нового места работы в случае увольнения reporting ~ право представления отчета restricted voting ~ ограниченное право голоса reversionary ~ возвратное право reversionary ~ право на обратный переход имущества right в хорошем состоянии ~ верный, правильный;
right use of words правильное употребление слов;
to do what is right делать то, что правильно;
he is always right он всегда прав ~ выпрямлять(ся) ;
исправлять(ся) ~ защищать права;
to right the oppressed заступаться за угнетенных ~ здоровый, в хорошем состоянии;
исправный;
to put right исправить;
are you right now? удобно ли вам теперь?;
I feel all right я чувствую себя хорошо ~ именно тот, который нужен (или имеется в виду) ;
подходящий, надлежащий;
уместный ~ исправный ~ (обыкн. pl) истинное положение вещей, действительность;
the rights of the case положение дела ~ лицевой, правый (о стороне материала) ~ надлежащий ~ надлежащим или должным образом ~ направо ~ нужный ~ очень;
I know right well я очень хорошо знаю;
right away, right off сразу;
немедленно;
right off the bat амер. = с места в карьер;
сразу же ~ подходящий ~ pl порядок;
to set (или to put) to rights навести порядок;
привести в порядок;
to be to rights быть в порядке;
by right or wrong всеми правдами и неправдами ~ правая сторона;
on the right справа (где) ;
to the right направо (куда) ~ правильно, верно;
справедливо;
to get it right понять правильно;
to get (или to do) a sum right верно решить задачу;
to guess right правильно угадать ~ правильный ~ право;
справедливое требование (to) ;
привилегия;
right to work право на труд;
rights and duties права и обязанности;
by right of по праву (чего-л.) ~ право (обычно в субъективном смысле) ~ право ~ правомерный, правый, справедливый, правильный, надлежащий ~ правомерный ~ правопритязание ~ (the Rights) pl собир. полит. правые ~ полит. правый, реакционный ~ правый ~ правый, справедливый;
to be right быть правым ~ правый ~ привилегия ~ прямо;
go right ahead идите прямо вперед ~ прямой (о линии, об угле) ;
at the right angle под прямым углом ~ совершенно, полностью;
right to the end до самого конца ~ справедливость;
правильность;
to do (smb.) right отдавать (кому-л.) должное, справедливость;
to be in the right быть правым ~ справедливость ~ справедливый ~ точно, как раз;
right in the middle как раз в середине to ~ oneself реабилитировать себя;
to right a wrong исправить несправедливость;
загладить обиду ~ after сразу после ~ and left во все стороны;
right turn( или face) ! воен. направо! (команда) ~ and left направо и налево ~ here в эту минуту;
right now в этот момент;
come right in амер. входите ~ here как раз здесь ~ in personam обязательственное право ~ in personam относительное право ~ in personam право обязательственного характера ~ in rem абсолютное право ~ in rem вещное право ~ точно, как раз;
right in the middle как раз в середине the ~ man in the ~ place человек на своем месте, человек, подходящий для данного дела;
not the right Mr Jones не тот мр Джоунз ~ of abandonment право отказа ~ of abode право на жилище ~ of accrual право увеличения доли ~ of action право на иск ~ of action право предъявления иска ~ of administration and disposal of property право распоряжения и передачи имущества ~ of all workers to a fair remuneration право всех рабочих на справедливое вознаграждение за труд;
это понятие шире, чем концепция заработной платы и включает основную или минимальную зарплату (и любые другие прямые или косвенные выплаты деньгами и ~ of appointment право назначения ~ of assembly право собраний ~ of audience право аудиенции ~ of cancellation право аннулирования ~ of cancellation право отмены ~ of cancellation право расторжения контракта ~ of challenge право отвода присяжного заседателя ~ of chastisement право наказания ~ of claim право заявлять претензию ~ of complaint право подавать иск ~ of consultation право давать консультацию ~ of deduction право удержания ~ of deposit право депонирования ~ of detention право задержания ~ of disposal право передачи ~ of disposal право распоряжения ~ of exchange право обмена ~ of execution право оформления ~ of execution право приведения в исполнение ~ of exploitation пат. право использования ~ of first refusal право преимущественной покупки ~ of free lodging право бесплатного хранения ~ of inheritance право наследования ~ of intervention право вступления в процесс ~ of intervention право на вмешательство ~ of litigant to be present in court право тяжущейся стороны присутствовать в суде ~ of notification право уведомления ~ of occupation право владения ~ of occupation право завладения ~ of occupation of the matrimonial home право завладения домом супруга ~ of option бирж. право опциона ~ of option бирж. право сделки с премией ~ of ownership право собственности ~ of passage право проезда, прохода ~ of passage право прохода судов ~ of pledge право отдавать в залог ~ of possession право владения ~ of preemption преимущественное право покупки ~ of primogeniture насл. право первородства ~ of priority преимущественное право ~ of property право собственности ~ of recourse право оборота ~ of recourse право регресса ~ of redemption право возвращения ~ of redemption право выкупа заложенного имущества ~ of redemption право изъятия из обращения ~ of redemption право погашения ~ of regress право регресса ~ of removal орг.бизн. право отстранения от должности ~ of reply право ответа истца на возражения по иску ~ of reproduction право воспроизведения ~ of repurchase право выкупа ~ of repurchase право перекупки ~ of rescission право аннулирования ~ of rescission право расторжения ~ of residence право пребывания ~ of residence право проживания ~ of retainer право удержания ~ of retention право сохранения ~ of retention право удержания ~ of review право пересмотра ~ of review право проверки ~ of search право обыска search: ~ обыск;
right of search юр. право обыска судов ~ of setoff право судебного зачета ~ of stoppage in transit право задержания в пути ~ of stoppage in transit право остановки в пути ~ of subscription право подписки ~ of succession право наследования ~ of surrender право отказа ~ of surrender право признания себя несостоятельным должником ~ of surrender право уступки ~ of survivorship право наследования, возникшее в результате смерти одного или нескольких наследников ~ of termination право прекращения действия ~ of testation право представлять доказательства ~ of use право использования ~ of use право пользования ~ of use право применения ~ of use and consumption право пользования и потребления ~ of veto право вето ~ of voting право голосования ~ of way полоса отчуждения ~ of way право проезда ~ of way право прохода, проезда ~ of way право прохода ~ очень;
I know right well я очень хорошо знаю;
right away, right off сразу;
немедленно;
right off the bat амер. = с места в карьер;
сразу же ~ очень;
I know right well я очень хорошо знаю;
right away, right off сразу;
немедленно;
right off the bat амер. = с места в карьер;
сразу же to ~ oneself выпрямляться to ~ oneself реабилитировать себя;
to right a wrong исправить несправедливость;
загладить обиду be sure you bring the ~ book смотрите, принесите ту книгу, которую нужно;
the right size нужный размер ~ защищать права;
to right the oppressed заступаться за угнетенных ~ to annul an agreement право аннулировать договор ~ to annul an agreement право аннулировать соглашение ~ to be consulted право на получение консультации ~ to be informed право на получение информации ~ to begin восстанавливать исходное юридическое положение ~ to benefits право на льготы ~ to bind the company право связать компанию договором ~ to call for repayment право требовать возмещения ~ to claim for damages право предъявлять иск за нанесенный ущерб ~ to collect firewood право заготавливать дрова ~ to compensation право на возмещение ~ to compensation право на компенсацию ~ to cut turf право резать торф ~ to decide право принимать решения ~ to dispose of shares право изымать акции ~ to dividend право на получение дивиденда ~ to know право быть в курсе дел ~ to know право на информацию ~ to negotiate право вести переговоры ~ to obtain satisfaction право получать встречное удовлетворение ~ to organize право создавать организацию ~ to pay off a creditor право полностью расплатиться с кредитором ~ to petition the Community institutions право обращаться с заявлениями в учреждения Европейского экономического сообщества ~ to purchase shares право приобретать акции ~ to put questions право обращаться с вопросами ~ to put questions to minister право обращаться с вопросами к министру ~ to recovery of property право на возвращение имущества ~ to restitution право реституции ~ to retain the necessaries of life право сохранять личное имущество ~ to return право возврата ~ to share in any winding up surplus право на долю прибыли при ликвидации фирмы ~ to speak право на высказывание speak: right to ~ право говорить ~ to stand for election право выдвигать кандидатуру для избрания ~ to strike право на забастовку ~ to take industrial action право на проведение производственных мероприятий ~ to take proceedings право вести судебное разбирательство ~ совершенно, полностью;
right to the end до самого конца ~ to unionize право объединяться в профсоюз ~ to unobstructed view право на свободный осмотр места преступления ~ to use beach право выхода на берег ~ to vote право на голосование ~ право;
справедливое требование (to) ;
привилегия;
right to work право на труд;
rights and duties права и обязанности;
by right of по праву (чего-л.) ~ and left во все стороны;
right turn (или face) ! воен. направо! (команда) ~ верный, правильный;
right use of words правильное употребление слов;
to do what is right делать то, что правильно;
he is always right он всегда прав ~ you are! разг. верно!, ваша правда ~ you are! разг. идет!, есть такое дело! ~ право;
справедливое требование (to) ;
привилегия;
right to work право на труд;
rights and duties права и обязанности;
by right of по праву (чего-л.) ~ (обыкн. pl) истинное положение вещей, действительность;
the rights of the case положение дела sales ~ право продажи secondary ~ дополнительное право selling ~ право продажи to set (или to put) oneself ~ (with smb.) помириться (с кем-л.) to set (или to put) oneself ~ (with smb.) снискать (чью-л.) благосклонность ~ pl порядок;
to set (или to put) to rights навести порядок;
привести в порядок;
to be to rights быть в порядке;
by right or wrong всеми правдами и неправдами share ~ право на акции social ~s социальные права sole ~ исключительное право;
монопольное право sole selling ~ исключительное право на продажу;
монопольное право на продажу sovereign ~ суверенное право special ~ специальное право stage ~ исключительное право театра на постановку пьесы stock ~ право на покупку некоторого числа акций компании по фиксированной цене stockholders' preemptive ~ преимущественное право акционера subscription ~ право подписки на акции succession ~ право наследования supervisory ~ право контроля taxation ~ право взимания налогов ~ правая сторона;
on the right справа (где) ;
to the right направо (куда) transfer a ~ передавать право under a ~ in international law в соответствии с нормами международного права union ~ право на создание профессионального союза user ~ право пользователя usufructuary ~ право на узуфрукт veto ~ право вето visiting ~s право посещения (ребенка) voting ~ право голоса voting ~ право участия в голосовании;
право голоса -
17 make
meik
1. past tense, past participle - made; verb1) (to create, form or produce: God made the Earth; She makes all her own clothes; He made it out of paper; to make a muddle/mess of the job; to make lunch/coffee; We made an arrangement/agreement/deal/bargain.) hacer, construir, fabricar2) (to compel, force or cause (a person or thing to do something): They made her do it; He made me laugh.) hacer, obligar3) (to cause to be: I made it clear; You've made me very unhappy.) hacer, poner, volver4) (to gain or earn: He makes $100 a week; to make a profit.) ganar, hacer5) ((of numbers etc) to add up to; to amount to: 2 and 2 make(s) 4.) ser, equivaler6) (to become, turn into, or be: He'll make an excellent teacher.) ser, hacer7) (to estimate as: I make the total 483.) calcular8) (to appoint, or choose, as: He was made manager.) nombrar, elegir9) (used with many nouns to give a similar meaning to that of the verb from which the noun is formed: He made several attempts (= attempted several times); They made a left turn (= turned left); He made (= offered) a suggestion/proposal; Have you any comments to make?) hacer
2. noun(a (usually manufacturer's) brand: What make is your new car?) marca- maker- making
- make-believe
- make-over
- makeshift
- make-up
- have the makings of
- in the making
- make a/one's bed
- make believe
- make do
- make for
- make it
- make it up
- make something of something
- make of something
- make something of
- make of
- make out
- make over
- make up
- make up for
- make up one's mind
- make up to
make1 n marcawhat make is your watch? ¿de qué marca es tu reloj? / ¿cuál es la marca de tu reloj?make2 vb1. hacerhave you made your bed? ¿te has hecho la cama?2. fabricar / producir3. sertr[meɪk]1 (brand) marca■ what make of car did you buy? ¿de qué marca es el coche que compraste?1 (produce - gen) hacer; (construct) construir; (manufacture) fabricar; (create) crear; (prepare) preparar■ have you made a list? ¿has hecho una lista?■ she made some sandwiches hizo unos bocadillos, preparó unos bocadillos■ stop making all that noise! ¡dejad de hacer tanto ruido!■ these cakes have been made using the finest ingredients estos pastelitos han sido elaborados con ingredientes de primera calidad2 (carry out, perform) hacer■ may I make a suggestion? ¿puedo hacer una sugerencia?■ we've made arrangements for you to be met at the airport hemos dispuesto que alguien vaya a buscarte al aeropuerto3 (cause to be) hacer, poner, volver4 (force, compel) hacer, obligar; (cause to do) hacer■ what makes you say that? ¿por qué dices eso?5 (be, become) ser, hacer; (cause to be) hacer, convertir en■ she'll make a good singer será buena cantante, tiene madera de cantante6 (earn) ganar, hacer■ she made 1,000 pounds last week ganó 1.000 libras la semana pasada7 (achieve) conseguir, alcanzar; (arrive at, reach) alcanzar, llegar a; (manage to attend) poder (ir)■ we made it! ¡lo conseguimos!9 (calculate, estimate, reckon) calcular■ how much do you make it? ¿a ti cuánto te da?■ what time do you make it? ¿qué hora tienes?10 (total, equal) ser, equivaler a■ that makes the third time you've asked me! ¡es la tercera vez que me lo preguntas!11 (complete, finish off) dar el toque final a, completar; (assure success of) consagrar1 (to be about to) hacer como, hacer ademán de, simular\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be on the make (for profit) andar tras el dinero, andar intentando sacar tajada 2 (for power) barrer para dentro, barrer para casa 3 (for sex) estar de ligue, andar buscando aventurasto make a fresh start volver a empezarto make a go of something sacar algo adelanteto make a loss perder dineroto make a name for oneself hacerse un nombreto make a note of something apuntar algoto make a profit ganar dineroto make a will hacer su testamentoto make believe hacer ver, imaginarse■ the children made believe they were on a desert island los niños hacían ver que estaban en una isla desiertato make do (with something) arreglárselas (con algo)to make friends hacer amigosto make fun of burlarse deto make it a rule to do something tener como norma hacer algoto make good triunfarto make something good (pay for, replace) pagar 2 (carry out, fulfil) cumplir con 3 (repair) arreglarto make it (be successful) tener éxito, llegar hasta arribato make like hacer ver, fingirto make nothing of something (achieve easily) hacer algo sin ningún problema 2 (treat as trifling) quitar importancia a algoto make or break somebody/something significar la consagración o la ruina de alguien/algoto make sense tener sentidoto make somebody's day alegrarle el día a alguiento make something clear aclarar algo, dejar algo claroto make something known dar a conocer algoto make sure (of something) asegurarse (de algo)to make the best/most of something sacar partido de algoto make the bed hacer la cama1) create: hacerto make noise: hacer ruido2) fashion, manufacture: hacer, fabricarshe made a dress: hizo un vestido3) devise, form: desarrollar, elaborar, formar4) constitute: hacer, constituirmade of stone: hecho de piedra5) prepare: hacer, preparar6) render: hacer, ponerit makes him nervous: lo pone nerviosoto make someone happy: hacer feliz a alguienit made me sad: me dio pena7) perform: hacerto make a gesture: hacer un gesto8) compel: hacer, forzar, obligar9) earn: ganarto make a living: ganarse la vidamake vi1) head: ir, dirigirsewe made for home: nos fuimos a casa2)to make do : arreglárselas3)to make good repay: pagar4)to make good succeed: tener éxitomake nbrand: marca fn.• fabricación s.f.• hechura s.f.• marca s.f.• modelo s.m.expr.• hacer resaltar expr.expr.• hacer resaltar expr.v.(§ p.,p.p.: made) = confeccionar v.• constituir v.• crear v.• fabricar v.• formar v.• hacer v.(§pres: hago, haces...) pret: hic-pp: hechofut/c: har-•)
I
1. meɪk1) (past & past p made) transitive verb2) (create, produce) \<\<paint/cars\>\> hacer*, fabricar*; \<\<dress\>\> hacer*, confeccionar (frml); \<\<meal/cake/sandwich/coffee\>\> hacer*, preparar; \<\<film\>\> hacer*, rodar; \<\<record\>\> grabar; \<\<fire/nest/hole\>\> hacer*; \<\<list/will\>\> hacer*to make a noise — hacer* ruido
made in Spain/Mexico — hecho or fabricado en España/México
made in Argentina/Peru — industria or fabricación argentina/peruana
to make something into something: I'll make this material into a skirt con esta tela me haré una falda; to make something out of/from/of something: she made the dress out of an old sheet se hizo el vestido con/de una sábana vieja; we made another meal from the leftovers hicimos otra comida con las sobras; it's made of wood/plastic es de madera/plástico; don't make an enemy of her — no te la eches encima como enemiga; see also difference 1) b), fuss I, mess I 1), 2)
3)a) ( carry out) \<\<repairs/changes/payment\>\> hacer*, efectuar* (frml); \<\<preparations/arrangements\>\> hacer*; \<\<journey\>\> hacer*make a left (turn) here — (AmE) dobla or gira a la izquierda aquí
b) \<\<remark/announcement\>\> hacer*4) ( cause to be)I'll make you happy/rich — te haré feliz/rica
that made me sad — eso me entristeció or me apenó
the work made me thirsty/sleepy — el trabajo me dio sed/sueño
what makes me angry is... — lo que me da rabia es...
they've made him supervisor — lo han nombrado supervisor, lo han ascendido a supervisor
if nine o'clock is too early, make it later — si las nueve es muy temprano, podemos reunirnos (or encontrarnos etc) más tarde
two large pizzas..., no, make that three — dos pizzas grandes..., no, mire, mejor déme tres
5)a) ( cause to) hacer*whatever made you do it? — ¿por qué lo hiciste?, ¿qué te llevó a hacer eso?
b) ( compel) obligar* a, hacer*she was made to apologize — la obligaron a or la hicieron pedir perdón
c) (in phrases)to make believe: you can't just make believe it never happened no puedes pretender que no sucedió, no puedes hacer como si no hubiera sucedido; to make do (with something), to make something do — arreglárselas con algo
6)a) (constitute, be) ser*b) (equal, amount to) ser*five plus five makes ten — cinco y or más cinco son diez
7) ( calculate)what do you make the total? — ¿(a ti) cuánto te da?
what time do you make it, what do you make the time? — ¿qué hora tienes?
8) ( make fuss)I think you're making too much of what she said — creo que le estás dándo demasiada importancia a lo que dijo
9)a) ( understand)to make something of something: I could make nothing of the message no entendí el mensaje; make of that what you will — tú saca tus propias conclusiones
b) ( think)to make something of somebody/something: what did you make of him? ¿qué te pareció?; I don't know what to make of it — no sé qué pensar
10)a) (gain, earn) \<\<money\>\> hacer*they made a loss/profit — perdieron/ganaron dinero
they made a profit of $20,000 — ganaron or sacaron 20.000 dólares
how much did you make on the deal? — ¿cuánto sacaste or ganaste con el trato?
b) ( acquire) \<\<friends\>\> hacer*I made a few acquaintances there — conocí a or (frml) trabé conocimiento con algunas personas allí
to make a name for oneself — hacerse* un nombre
11) (colloq) (manage to attend, reach)to make it: he'll never make it as a doctor nunca será un buen médico; they made it through to the finals — llegaron a la final
12) ( assure success of)if you go to Harvard, you're made for life — si vas a Harvard, tienes el futuro asegurado
to make or break something/somebody — ser* el éxito o la ruina de algo/alguien
2.
vi1) ( make preliminary move)to make as if o as though to + inf — hacer* ademán de + inf
2) (move, proceed)they made toward the door — se dirigieron hacia la puerta; see also make for
•Phrasal Verbs:- make for- make off- make out- make up
II
1) ( brand) marca fwhat make is it? — ¿de qué marca es?
2)[meɪk] (pt, pp made) When make is part of a set combination, eg make an attempt, make a bow, make a case, make sure, look up the other word.to be on the make — (colloq) ( out for gain) estar* intentando sacar tajada (fam); ( looking for a date) estar* de ligue or (AmS) de levante or (Chi) de pinche (fam)
1. TRANSITIVE VERB1) (=create, prepare) [+ fire, bed, tea, will, remark, plan, suggestion] hacer; [+ dress] hacer, confeccionar; [+ shelter] construir; [+ meal] hacer, preparar; [+ record] grabar; [+ film] rodar; (=manufacture) [+ tool, machine] fabricar, hacer"made in Spain" — [+ tool, machine] "fabricado en España"; [+ dress] "confeccionado en España"; [+ nougat, chocolate] "elaborado en España"
•
they were made for each other — estaban hechos el uno para el otroshow 2., 4)•
it's made of gold — es de oro, está hecho de oro2) (=carry out) [+ journey, effort] hacer; [+ speech] pronunciar; [+ payment] efectuar; [+ error] cometer3) (=earn) ganarhow much do you make? — ¿cuánto ganas?
he makes £350 a week — gana 350 libras a la semana
the deal made him £500 — ganó 500 libras con el negocio, el negocio le reportó 500 libras
4) (=reach, achieve) [+ place] llegar awill we make Paris before lunch? — ¿llegaremos a París antes de la hora de comer?
Lara made a hundred — (Cricket) Lara hizo or se anotó 100 carreras
•
we made it just in time — llegamos justo a tiempocan you make it by 10? — ¿puedes llegar a las 10?
sorry, I can't make it — lo siento, no puedo or no me va bien
do you think he'll make (it to) university? — ¿crees que conseguirá ir a la universidad?
to make it with sb * — (sexually) hacérselo con algn *
•
to make land — (Naut) llegar a tierra•
to make port — (Naut) tomar puerto5) (=say, agree)another beer, please, no, make that two — otra cerveza por favor, no, que sean dos
6) (=cause to succeed)to make or break sth/sb —
sex can make or break a relationship — el sexo es determinante en una relación, el sexo puede afianzar una relación o hacer que fracase
7) (=constitute)he'll make somebody a good husband — va a ser or hará un buen marido para algn
it'll make a (nice) change not to have to cook every day — lo de no tener que cocinar cada día estará muy bien, ¡qué descanso, no tener que cocinar cada día!
•
he'll make a good footballer — será buen futbolista8) (=equal)this one makes 20 — con este son or hacen 20
how much does that make (altogether)? — ¿a cuánto sube (en total)?
8 pints make a gallon — 8 pintas hacen or son un galón
9) (=calculate) calcularwhat do you make the total? — ¿cuánto calculas que es el total?
how many do you make it? — ¿cuántos calculas que hay?
what time do you make it, what do you make the time? — ¿qué hora tienes?
10) (Cards) [+ trick] ganar, hacer; (Bridge) [+ contract] cumplirto make sb sth (=cause to be) to make sb/sth ({+ adjective/past participle}28})to make o.s. heard — hacerse oír
the noise made concentration difficult or made it difficult to concentrate — con ese ruido era difícil concentrarse
ill 1., 1), sick 1., 2), unhappy to make sth/sb into sth convertir algo/a algn en algo to make sb do sth (=cause to do sth) hacer a algn hacer algo; (=force to do sth) hacer a algn hacer algo, obligar a algn a hacer algowhy make things difficult for yourself? — ¿por qué te complicas la vida?
to make sb laugh/cry — hacer reír/llorar a algn
now look what you've made me do! — ¡mira lo que me has hecho hacer!
what made you say that? — ¿cómo se te ocurrió decir eso?, ¿por qué dijiste eso?
what makes you do it? — ¿qué es lo que te lleva a hacerlo?
it makes you think, doesn't it? — da que pensar ¿no?
to make o.s. do sth obligarse a hacer algohe made me apologize to the teacher — me hizo pedir perdón or me obligó a pedir perdón al profesor
to make sth do, make [do] with sth arreglárselas or apañárselas con algo to make good [+ promise] cumplir; [+ accusation] hacer bueno, probar; [+ claim] justificar; [+ loss] compensar; [+ damage] reparar; (=pay) pagar make 2. to make sth of sth (=understand)I have to make myself (do it) — tengo que obligarme (a hacerlo), tengo que hacer un esfuerzo (por hacerlo)
what do you make of Anna? — ¿qué piensas de Anna?, ¿qué te parece Anna?
what do you make of this? — ¿qué te parece esto?
(=give importance to)I can't make anything of this letter — no entiendo nada de lo que pone esta carta, no saco nada en claro de esta carta
issue 1., 1)I think you're making rather too much of what I said — creo que le estás dando demasiada importancia a lo que dije
2.INTRANSITIVE VERB (in set expressions)•
to make after sb — perseguir a algn, correr tras algnhe made as if to strike me — hizo como si me fuera a pegar, hizo ademán de pegarme
3.NOUN (=brand) marca fwhat make of car was it? — ¿qué marca de coche era?
- be on the make- make for- make off- make out- make up* * *
I
1. [meɪk]1) (past & past p made) transitive verb2) (create, produce) \<\<paint/cars\>\> hacer*, fabricar*; \<\<dress\>\> hacer*, confeccionar (frml); \<\<meal/cake/sandwich/coffee\>\> hacer*, preparar; \<\<film\>\> hacer*, rodar; \<\<record\>\> grabar; \<\<fire/nest/hole\>\> hacer*; \<\<list/will\>\> hacer*to make a noise — hacer* ruido
made in Spain/Mexico — hecho or fabricado en España/México
made in Argentina/Peru — industria or fabricación argentina/peruana
to make something into something: I'll make this material into a skirt con esta tela me haré una falda; to make something out of/from/of something: she made the dress out of an old sheet se hizo el vestido con/de una sábana vieja; we made another meal from the leftovers hicimos otra comida con las sobras; it's made of wood/plastic es de madera/plástico; don't make an enemy of her — no te la eches encima como enemiga; see also difference 1) b), fuss I, mess I 1), 2)
3)a) ( carry out) \<\<repairs/changes/payment\>\> hacer*, efectuar* (frml); \<\<preparations/arrangements\>\> hacer*; \<\<journey\>\> hacer*make a left (turn) here — (AmE) dobla or gira a la izquierda aquí
b) \<\<remark/announcement\>\> hacer*4) ( cause to be)I'll make you happy/rich — te haré feliz/rica
that made me sad — eso me entristeció or me apenó
the work made me thirsty/sleepy — el trabajo me dio sed/sueño
what makes me angry is... — lo que me da rabia es...
they've made him supervisor — lo han nombrado supervisor, lo han ascendido a supervisor
if nine o'clock is too early, make it later — si las nueve es muy temprano, podemos reunirnos (or encontrarnos etc) más tarde
two large pizzas..., no, make that three — dos pizzas grandes..., no, mire, mejor déme tres
5)a) ( cause to) hacer*whatever made you do it? — ¿por qué lo hiciste?, ¿qué te llevó a hacer eso?
b) ( compel) obligar* a, hacer*she was made to apologize — la obligaron a or la hicieron pedir perdón
c) (in phrases)to make believe: you can't just make believe it never happened no puedes pretender que no sucedió, no puedes hacer como si no hubiera sucedido; to make do (with something), to make something do — arreglárselas con algo
6)a) (constitute, be) ser*b) (equal, amount to) ser*five plus five makes ten — cinco y or más cinco son diez
7) ( calculate)what do you make the total? — ¿(a ti) cuánto te da?
what time do you make it, what do you make the time? — ¿qué hora tienes?
8) ( make fuss)I think you're making too much of what she said — creo que le estás dándo demasiada importancia a lo que dijo
9)a) ( understand)to make something of something: I could make nothing of the message no entendí el mensaje; make of that what you will — tú saca tus propias conclusiones
b) ( think)to make something of somebody/something: what did you make of him? ¿qué te pareció?; I don't know what to make of it — no sé qué pensar
10)a) (gain, earn) \<\<money\>\> hacer*they made a loss/profit — perdieron/ganaron dinero
they made a profit of $20,000 — ganaron or sacaron 20.000 dólares
how much did you make on the deal? — ¿cuánto sacaste or ganaste con el trato?
b) ( acquire) \<\<friends\>\> hacer*I made a few acquaintances there — conocí a or (frml) trabé conocimiento con algunas personas allí
to make a name for oneself — hacerse* un nombre
11) (colloq) (manage to attend, reach)to make it: he'll never make it as a doctor nunca será un buen médico; they made it through to the finals — llegaron a la final
12) ( assure success of)if you go to Harvard, you're made for life — si vas a Harvard, tienes el futuro asegurado
to make or break something/somebody — ser* el éxito o la ruina de algo/alguien
2.
vi1) ( make preliminary move)to make as if o as though to + inf — hacer* ademán de + inf
2) (move, proceed)they made toward the door — se dirigieron hacia la puerta; see also make for
•Phrasal Verbs:- make for- make off- make out- make up
II
1) ( brand) marca fwhat make is it? — ¿de qué marca es?
2)to be on the make — (colloq) ( out for gain) estar* intentando sacar tajada (fam); ( looking for a date) estar* de ligue or (AmS) de levante or (Chi) de pinche (fam)
-
18 case
̈ɪkeɪs I сущ. (от латинского casus "падение, выпадение")
1) а) случай;
обстоятельство, положение;
дело, история;
экземпляр, представитель множества, факт Some case or cases, strictly in point to the problem at hand, must be produced. ≈ Должно быть приведено свидетельство или свидетельства, имеющие прямое отношение к обсуждаемой проблеме. authenticated case ≈ достоверное происшествие borderline case ≈ крайний случай, пограничный случай celebrated case ≈ известный случай, знаменитый прецедент clear case ≈ ясное дело, прозрачная ситуация flagrant case ≈ страшный случай, вопиющий случай hypothetical case ≈ гипотетическая ситуация, возможное положение дел isolated case ≈ одиночный случай rare case ≈ редкий случай, загадочный случай open-and-shut case ≈ азбучная истина, элементарный случай similar case ≈ похожий случай, сходная ситуация special case ≈ особый случай as the case stands ≈ при данном положении дел it is not the case ≈ это не так to put the case that ≈ предположим, что... in case ≈ в случае just in case in good case in any case in that case Syn: sample, instance б) любовь, ситуация, когда двое влюбляются друг в друга;
любовь с первого взгляда They have only been engaged three weeks;
but from the day they first met, the business was settled. It was a case, as men say. ≈ Они были помолвлены лишь три недели, но все было ясно уже с первой их встречи. Это была, что называется, любовь с первого взгляда. have a case on
2) юридические и другие связанные с тяжбой и спором значения а) юр. судебное дело;
случай, прецедент;
мн. судебная практика to argue, plead a case ≈ оспаривать обвинение, выступать в защиту обвиняемого to decide a case, to settle a case ≈ вынести решение по делу to hear, try a case ≈ заслушивать судебное дело to lose case ≈ проиграть дело, проиграть процесс to rest one's case ≈ отложить слушание чьего-л. дела to cite a case ≈ ссылаться на прецедент attested case ≈ засвидетельствованный случай, прецедент to win a case ≈ выиграть дело, выиграть процесс The court will not hear this case. ≈ Суд не будет заслушивать это дело. The lawyer argued the case skillfully. ≈ Адвокат мастерски провел защиту. She made out a good case for her client. ≈ Она помогла клиенту выиграть процесс. They settled the case out of court. ≈ Они решили дело не обращаясь в суд. federal case test case leading case б) доводы, доказательства, факты;
юр. доводы какой-л. тяжущейся стороны state one's case make out one's case the case for the defendant Syn: sample
3) медицинские и околомедицинские значения а) мед. случай заболевания;
история болезни;
состояние здоровья больного acute case ≈ острое заболевание chronic case ≈ хроническое заболевание hopeless case ≈ смертельная болезнь lingering case ≈ затяжная болезнь terminal case ≈ последняя стадия заболевания advanced case, neglected case ≈ запущенная болезнь б) мед. больной, пациент;
раненый в) перен. "клинический случай", "псих", "шизо", человек, к которому нужен особый подход, человек со странностями Syn: queer, cure II
4) грам. падеж ablative case accusative case - dative case genitive case - instrumental case locative case oblique case prepositional case vocative case essive case lative case posessive case partitive case ergative case objective case common case factitive case II
1. сущ.
1) емкость для хранения чего-л. а) коробочка, коробка, ящик, контейнер, кофр, футляр и т.д.;
вместилище со своим содержимым display case ≈ выставочный образец jewelry case ≈ шкатулка с драгоценностями packing case ≈ упаковка cigarette case ≈ портсигар б) чемодан, портфель, дипломат, кейс в) полигр. наборная касса - upper case case-room lower case г) уст. церк. ковчег д) ящик для рассады, цветочный горшок Syn: box, chest, bag
2) оболочка для защиты чего-л. а) чехол б) обложка, крышка переплета;
коробка (обычно для подарочных изданий и томов энциклопедий) в) корпус (особенно часов), кожух г) витрина( в музеях), застекленный стенд д) оболочка сосиски, колбасы е) куколка( стадия развития насекомого) ж) семенная коробочка (у растений) з) перен. воровской притон, "малина" ∙ Syn: sheath, covering
3) перен. строит. коробка ( оконная, дверная и т.п.), лестничная клетка (см. staircase - данное значение является, т.о., исходным) ;
коробка (то, что останется от дома, если вынуть из него перекрытия)
2. гл.
1) класть, упаковывать в ящик, коробку и т.п., см. case II
1.
1) ;
окружать, огораживать чем-л.;
также переносные употребления Bones of seals, walrus, and whales, all now cased in ice. ≈ Кости котиков, моржей, китов, все это теперь вмерзло в лед. Syn: case up
2) защищать чем-л., покрывать, накрывать (часто о доспехах) The fellows are cased in brass. ≈ Парни все в бронзовых доспехах.
3) строит. штукатурить, облицовывать( о внешних косметических работах)
4) полигр. вклеивать книгу в обложку (после того, как сшиты вместе все тетрадки)
5) сдирать кожу, лишать защитной оболочки (сравни skin
2.
2)) The hunters killed two deer, and cased the skins for bags. ≈ Охотники убили двух оленей и содрали с них кожу на сумки.
6) проводить рекогносцировку, предварительно рассматривать, изучать;
перен. сл. изучать место будущего ограбления He was casing the field for a career. ≈ Он присматривался, каким бы делом ему заняться. III сущ. то же, что spermaceti( из жаргона китобоев) I am ready to squeeze case eternally. ≈ Да я всю жизнь готов провести за давилкой. случай;
обстоятельство;
положение, обстоятельства;
- the * in point данный случай;
случай, относящийся к делу;
подходящий пример;
- in any * во всяком случае;
при любых обстоятельствах;
- we shall speak to him in any * мы в любом случае поговорим с ним;
- in that * в таком случае;
- in no * ни в коем случае;
- in the * of в отношении, что касается;
- in the * of children under 14 в отношении детей до 14 лет;
- I cannot make an exception in your * я не могу сделать исключение для вас;
- if I were in your * (разговорное) на вашем месте я бы;
- that's the * да, это так;
- it is not the * это не так;
дело не в этом, ничего подобного;
- is it the * that he has lost his job? правда ли, что он лишился работы?;
- this is especially the * это особенно верно;
- if that's the * в таком случае, если дело обстоит так, если это верно;
- as was formerly the * как это бывало раньше;
- such being the * в таком случае, если дело обстоит так;
поскольку это так;
- such is the * with us вот в каком мы положении, вот как обстоит дело с нами;
- as the * may be в зависимости от обстоятельств;
смотря по обстоятельствам;
- should this be the * если выйдет так;
- as the * stands при данном положении дел;
в настоящих условиях;
- to meet the * быть достаточным;
подходить, отвечать требованиям;
разрешить вопрос;
- as the * may require как могут потребовать обстоятельства;
по мере надобности;
- the * with me is the reverse у меня наоборот, а у меня не так;
- this is a * for the deam этим должен заняться декан;
- suppose the * were yours представьте, что дело касалось бы вас;
- this is another * это другое дело доводы, доказательства, аргументы, соображения;
аргументация;
- an unanswerable * неопровержимые доказательства;
- the * for аргументы за;
- the * for disarmament доводы в пользу разоружения;
- a * exist for revision of tariffs есть соображения в пользу пересмотра пошлин;
- there is the strongest * for self-government есть самые веские соображения в пользу самоуправления;
- to have a * иметь что сказать в свое оправдание;
- you have a * here в этом с вами можно согласиться;
- to have a good * иметь хорошую аргументацию;
- you have a good * это звучит убедительно;
- to make out a * доказать;
- to state one's * изложить свои доводы;
- to make out one's * доказать свою правоту;
обосновать свою точку зрения;
привести аргументы в пользу своего предложения;
- to base one's * on smb. основывать свою аргументацию на чем-л;
в своей аргументации исходить из чего-л;
- to put * привести пример;
- to put one's * over добиться своего;
провести свое предложение, свой план;
- to press one's * энергично доказывать свою точку зрения, приводить все новые доводы;
добиваться своего судебное дело;
- criminal *s уголовное дела;
- a leading *, a * in precedent судебный прецедент;
- a * of circumstantial evidence дело, в основу которого положены косвенные доказательства;
- to try a * судить, слушать дело;
быть судьей по делу;
- the * will be tried tomorrow дело будет слушаться завтра pl судебная практика доводы, аргументация по делу;
- the * for the prosecution часть уголовного процесса, охватывающая все относящиеся к обвинению действия;
- the * for the defendant факты в пользу ответчика или подсудимого казус;
судебный прецедент судебное решение лицо, находящееся под наблюдением, под надзором;
больной, пациент, исследуемый;
- walking * ходячий или амбулаторный больной;
- mental * психически больной;
- this child is a difficult * это трудный ребенок;
- he is a hard * он неисправим;
он закоренелый преступник заболевание, случай;
- * rate (медицина) заболеваемость;
- * mortality( медицина) летальность;
- * of emergency случай, требующий неотложной помощи клиент (грамматика) падеж (редкое) состояние;
- out of * в плохом состоянии, нездоровый, не в форме;
- in * for smth. готовый к чему-л;
- his hat was in a sorry * when he picked it up его шляпа имела жалкий вид, когда он ее поднял (сленг) "тип", чудак;
- he's a *! ну и чудак! (сленг) публичный дом( компьютерное) регистр клавиатуры( компьютерное) оператор выбора > * of conscience моральная проблема;
дело совести;
> to get down to *s перейти к сути дела;
> I'm afraid it's a * with him боюсь, что у него дела плохи;
> a gone * безнадежный случай;
пропащее дело;
> it is a gone * with him ему теперь крышка (американизм) (сленг) рассматривать;
высматривать;
присматриваться;
- he *d the house before robbing it прежде чем совершить ограбление, он тщательно осмотрел дом ящик;
коробка;
ларец;
контейнер;
- cigarette * портсигар - * goods (специальное) грузы в ящичной таре сумка;
чемодан;
дорожный несессер - attache * "дипломат", плоский чемоданчик - vanity * дамский несессер футляр;
чехол ножны покрышка;
оболочка корпус (техническое) картер;
камера( техническое) оболочка;
кожух кассета( военное) гильза набор, комплект;
- * of drawing instruments готовальня витрина;
застекленный стенд горка книжный шкаф (строительство) коробка наволочка (полиграфия) наборная касса;
- lower * касса строчных литер( полиграфия) переплетная крышка класть в ящик упаковывать в ящик, паковать;
- the vase was *d up for transport ваза была упакована для перевозки вставлять в оправу покрывать;
- the copper was *d over with silver на медь был нанесен слой серебра;
- the doctor *d the limb in plaster врач наложил гипс на конечность обшивать;
- *d in armour одетый в броню;
- to * a brick wall with stone облицевать кирпичную стену камнем (горное) крепить скважину обсадными трубами (сленг) сажать в одиночку( разговорное) срывать;
откладывать;
- this *s things for a while теперь все заглохнет на некоторое время adjourn a ~ откладывать слушание дела Admiralty ~ дело, рассматриваемое в морском суде affiliation ~ сем.право дело об установлении авторства affiliation ~ сем.право дело об установлении отцовства appeal ~ апелляционная жалоба appropriation ~ дело об ассигнованиях arbitration ~ арбитражное дело argue a ~ аргументировать судебный прецедент ~ случай;
обстоятельство;
положение;
дело;
as the case stands при данном положении дел borderline ~ пограничный инцидент borderline ~ промежуточный случай bring a ~ before a court возбуждать уголовное дело bring a ~ before a court подавать в суд bring a ~ before a court предъявлять иск в суд case мед. больной, пациент;
раненый ~ витрина (в музеях), застекленный стенд ~ вставлять в оправу ~ деликатный "иск по конкретным обстоятельствам дела" (о взыскании убытков при невозможности предъявления других типов иска) ~ доводы, аргументация по делу, изложение требований, меморандум по делу ~ мед. заболевание, случай;
история болезни ~ заявление о фактических обстоятельствах по делу, подлежащему рассмотрению в вышестоящем суде ~ изложение фактических обстоятельств ~ казус, судебный прецедент, судебное дело ~ кассета ~ класть, упаковывать в ящик ~ тех. кожух ~ стр. коробка (оконная, дверная) ~ коробка, ларец;
ящик;
контейнер;
cigarette case портсигар ~ вчт. корпус ~ крышка (переплета) ;
корпус (часов) ~ полигр. наборная касса;
lower case отделение со строчными литерами, цифрами и знаками препинания ~ полигр. наборная касса ~ обстоятельство ~ обшивать, покрывать;
cased in armour одетый в броню ~ грам. падеж ~ полигр. переплетная крышка ~ подлежащие судебному рассмотрению дело или иск ~ правовой вопрос ~ прецедент ~ вчт. регистр клавиатуры ~ случай;
обстоятельство;
положение;
дело;
as the case stands при данном положении дел ~ случай, положение ~ случай в судебной практике ~ юр. судебное дело;
случай в судебной практике, прецедент;
pl судебная практика ~ судебное дело ~ судебное решение ~ судебный прецедент ~ сумка;
чемодан ~ жарг. "тип", чудак ~ фактические обстоятельства, изложение фактических обстоятельств ~ факты, доказательства, доводы;
to state one's case изложить свои доводы;
to make out one's case доказать свою правоту ~ футляр, чехол ~ ящик the ~ for the defendant факты в пользу ответчика, подсудимого ~ in point рассматриваемое дело ~ insensitive вчт. не различающий строчные и заглавные буквы ~ of doubt сомнительный случай ~ of mistaken identity случай ошибочного опознания ~ on the cause list дело из списка дел к слушанию ~ to answer основание для предъявления иска ~ to counsel представление дела адвокату ~ обшивать, покрывать;
cased in armour одетый в броню ~ коробка, ларец;
ящик;
контейнер;
cigarette case портсигар civil ~ гражданское дело civil: ~ юр. гражданский( противоп. уголовный) ;
civil case гражданское дело;
Civil Law гражданское право close a ~ прекращать судебное преследование collision ~ юр. дело о столкновении committee ~ опекунское дело court ~ судебный прецедент crank ~ тех. картер двигателя criminal ~ уголовное дело decided ~ судебное дело, по которому принято решение deep ~ вчт. глубинный падеж delay a ~ откладывать рассмотрение дела в суде dismiss a ~ отказывать в иске dismiss a ~ отклонять иск display ~ витрина display ~ выставочный стенд examine the ~ рассматривать дело exception ~ вчт. исключительная ситуация extreme ~ крайний случай extreme ~ вчт. экстремальная ситуация fillmor ~ вчт. падеж филлмора have no ~ не иметь возможности hear a ~ юр. разбирать дело hear a ~ юр. слушать дело if this is the ~ вчт. если дело обстоит именно так in ~ в случае;
just in case на всякий случай;
in any case во всяком случае;
in that case в таком случае in ~ в случае;
just in case на всякий случай;
in any case во всяком случае;
in that case в таком случае in this ~ при этом individual ~ отдельное дело it is not the ~ это не так;
to put the case that предположим, что... judge a ~ быть арбитром по делу in ~ в случае;
just in case на всякий случай;
in any case во всяком случае;
in that case в таком случае law ~ судебное дело leading ~ руководящий судебный прецедент leading: ~ ведущий;
руководящий;
передовой, выдающийся;
leading case судебный прецедент;
the leading man (lady) исполнитель( - ница) главной роли legal ~ судебное дело legal ~ судебный прецедент ~ полигр. наборная касса;
lower case отделение со строчными литерами, цифрами и знаками препинания lower ~ вчт. нижний регистр ~ факты, доказательства, доводы;
to state one's case изложить свои доводы;
to make out one's case доказать свою правоту marginal ~ предельный случай maritime ~ морское судебное дело matrimonial ~ бракоразводный процесс matrimonial ~ иск о разводе open the ~ заводить дело packing ~ упаковочный ящик particular ~ особый случай particular ~ вчт. частный случай particular ~ частный случай plead a ~ защищать дело в суде police court ~ дело, рассматриваемое в полицейском суде prima facie ~ наличие достаточно серьезных доказательств для возбуждения дела prisoner ~ досье на заключенного probate ~ дело о доказывании завещания public prosecution ~ дело, возбужденное прокуратурой it is not the ~ это не так;
to put the case that предположим, что... review the ~ пересматривать судебное дело running down ~ дело о столкновении судов special ~ специальный правовой вопрос special ~ частный случай ~ факты, доказательства, доводы;
to state one's case изложить свои доводы;
to make out one's case доказать свою правоту state: ~ констатировать;
формулировать;
излагать;
to state one's case изложить свое дело tax ~ иск по вопросам налогообложения test ~ дело, имеющее принципиальное значение для разрешения ряда аналогичных дел test ~ вчт. контрольный пример try a ~ рассматривать дело undefended divorce ~ дело о разводе, ведущееся без защиты upper ~ вчт. верхний регистр upper ~ отделение с прописными буквами upper ~ character вчт. символ верхнего регистра urgent ~ срочное дело vanity ~ = vanity bag win a ~ выигрывать дело -
19 right
I 1. [raɪt]1) U (side, direction) destra f., parte f. destrakeep to the right — aut. tenere la destra, viaggiare a destra
on o to your right alla vostra destra; take the second right — prenda la seconda a destra
3) U (morally) giusto m., bene m.4) (just claim) diritto m.to have a right to sth. — avere diritto a qcs.
5) (in boxing) destro m.2.1) comm. dir. diritti m.to have the sole rights to sth. — avere l'esclusiva o il diritto esclusivo su qcs
2) (moral)••by rights — di diritto, di regola
II [raɪt]to put sth. to rights — mettere a posto qcs., sistemare qcs
1) (as opposed to left) destroon my right hand — (position) alla o sulla mia destra
2) (morally correct) giusto, onesto, leale; (fair) giusto, corretto, equoit is right and proper that... — è sacrosanto che...
to do the right thing by sb. — fare il proprio dovere nei confronti di qcn
3) (correct, true) [choice, direction] giusto; [ word] giusto, esatto, appropriato; (accurate) [ time] giusto, esatto, precisoto be right — [ person] avere ragione, essere nel giusto; [ answer] essere esatto o giusto
that's right — benissimo, giusto
is that right? — (asking) è vero? (double-checking) giusto?
am I right in thinking that...? — è vero che...?
to get one's facts right — documentarsi o informarsi bene
4) (most suitable) [clothes, equipment] giusto, adatto, appropriato; [ person] giusto, adattohe was careful to say all the right things — ebbe il tatto di pronunciare le parole adatte (per la situazione)
5) (in good order) [ machine] in buone condizioni, in buono stato; (healthy) [ person] sano, in buone condizioni6) (in order)to put o set right rimediare a, correggere [ mistake]; riparare [ injustice]; sistemare, mettere a posto [ situation]; riparare [ machine]; to put o set one's watch right mettere a posto l'orologio; they gave him a month to put o set things right gli diedero un mese per sistemare le cose; to put o set sb. right — fare ricredere qcn
7) mat. [ angle] rettoat right angles to — ad angolo retto con, perpendicolare a
8) BE colloq. (emphatic)9) BE colloq. (ready)••right you are! — colloq.
III [raɪt]right-oh! — BE colloq. benissimo! d'accordo! senz'altro!
1) (of direction) a destrato turn right — girare o svoltare a destra
they looked for him right, left and centre — colloq. lo cercarono ovunque o da tutte le parti o a destra e a sinistra
they are arresting people right, left and centre — colloq. stanno arrestando la gente in massa
2) (directly) direttamente, proprioI'll be right back — torno subito o immediatamente
right before — proprio prima, appena prima
3) (exactly)right in the middle of the room — esattamente o proprio al centro della stanza
right now — (immediately) subito, immediatamente; (at this point in time) al momento
4) (correctly) bene, correttamenteyou're not doing it right — non lo stai facendo nel modo giusto o correttamente
I guessed right — ho indovinato, ho visto giusto
if I remember right — se ben ricordo, se non ricordo male
5) (completely) completamente, del tuttohe looked right through me — fig. fece finta di non vedermi
we're right behind you! — fig. ti sosteniamo! ti siamo accanto in tutto e per tutto!
6) GB (in titles)the Right Honourable Gentleman — (in parliament) l'onorevole collega
7) (very well) molto beneright, let's have a look — benissimo, diamo un'occhiata
••right enough — colloq. certamente, innegabilmente, senza dubbio
IV 1. [raɪt]to see sb. right — (financially) non fare mancare niente a qcn.; (in other ways) togliere qcn. dai guai, cavare qcn. dagli impicci
1) (restore to upright position) raddrizzare, drizzare [ ship]2.to right oneself — [ person] tirarsi su, mettersi in piedi
to right itself — [ ship] raddrizzarsi, tornare diritto; [ situation] aggiustarsi, sistemarsi
* * *1. adjective1) (on or related to the side of the body which in most people has the more skilful hand, or to the side of a person or thing which is toward the east when that person or thing is facing north (opposite to left): When I'm writing, I hold my pen in my right hand.) destro2) (correct: Put that book back in the right place; Is that the right answer to the question?) giusto, corretto3) (morally correct; good: It's not right to let thieves keep what they have stolen.) giusto4) (suitable; appropriate: He's not the right man for this job; When would be the right time to ask him?) adatto, giusto2. noun1) (something a person is, or ought to be, allowed to have, do etc: Everyone has the right to a fair trial; You must fight for your rights; You have no right to say that.) diritto2) (that which is correct or good: Who's in the right in this argument?) giusto3) (the right side, part or direction: Turn to the right; Take the second road on the right.) destra4) (in politics, the people, group, party or parties holding the more traditional beliefs etc.) destra3. adverb1) (exactly: He was standing right here.) proprio2) (immediately: I'll go right after lunch; I'll come right down.) subito3) (close: He was standing right beside me.) proprio4) (completely; all the way: The bullet went right through his arm.) completamente5) (to the right: Turn right.) a destra6) (correctly: Have I done that right?; I don't think this sum is going to turn out right.) bene, giusto4. verb1) (to bring back to the correct, usually upright, position: The boat tipped over, but righted itself again.) raddrizzare, raddrizzarsi2) (to put an end to and make up for something wrong that has been done: He's like a medieval knight, going about the country looking for wrongs to right.) rimediare5. interjection(I understand; I'll do what you say etc: `I want you to type some letters for me.' `Right, I'll do them now.') certo- righteously
- righteousness
- rightful
- rightfully
- rightly
- rightness
- righto
- right-oh
- rights
- right angle
- right-angled
- right-hand
- right-handed
- right wing 6. adjective((right-wing) (having opinions which are) of this sort.) di destra- by rights
- by right
- get
- keep on the right side of
- get right
- go right
- not in one's right mind
- not quite right in the head
- not right in the head
- put right
- put/set to rights
- right away
- right-hand man
- right now
- right of way
- serve right* * *I 1. [raɪt]1) U (side, direction) destra f., parte f. destrakeep to the right — aut. tenere la destra, viaggiare a destra
on o to your right alla vostra destra; take the second right — prenda la seconda a destra
3) U (morally) giusto m., bene m.4) (just claim) diritto m.to have a right to sth. — avere diritto a qcs.
5) (in boxing) destro m.2.1) comm. dir. diritti m.to have the sole rights to sth. — avere l'esclusiva o il diritto esclusivo su qcs
2) (moral)••by rights — di diritto, di regola
II [raɪt]to put sth. to rights — mettere a posto qcs., sistemare qcs
1) (as opposed to left) destroon my right hand — (position) alla o sulla mia destra
2) (morally correct) giusto, onesto, leale; (fair) giusto, corretto, equoit is right and proper that... — è sacrosanto che...
to do the right thing by sb. — fare il proprio dovere nei confronti di qcn
3) (correct, true) [choice, direction] giusto; [ word] giusto, esatto, appropriato; (accurate) [ time] giusto, esatto, precisoto be right — [ person] avere ragione, essere nel giusto; [ answer] essere esatto o giusto
that's right — benissimo, giusto
is that right? — (asking) è vero? (double-checking) giusto?
am I right in thinking that...? — è vero che...?
to get one's facts right — documentarsi o informarsi bene
4) (most suitable) [clothes, equipment] giusto, adatto, appropriato; [ person] giusto, adattohe was careful to say all the right things — ebbe il tatto di pronunciare le parole adatte (per la situazione)
5) (in good order) [ machine] in buone condizioni, in buono stato; (healthy) [ person] sano, in buone condizioni6) (in order)to put o set right rimediare a, correggere [ mistake]; riparare [ injustice]; sistemare, mettere a posto [ situation]; riparare [ machine]; to put o set one's watch right mettere a posto l'orologio; they gave him a month to put o set things right gli diedero un mese per sistemare le cose; to put o set sb. right — fare ricredere qcn
7) mat. [ angle] rettoat right angles to — ad angolo retto con, perpendicolare a
8) BE colloq. (emphatic)9) BE colloq. (ready)••right you are! — colloq.
III [raɪt]right-oh! — BE colloq. benissimo! d'accordo! senz'altro!
1) (of direction) a destrato turn right — girare o svoltare a destra
they looked for him right, left and centre — colloq. lo cercarono ovunque o da tutte le parti o a destra e a sinistra
they are arresting people right, left and centre — colloq. stanno arrestando la gente in massa
2) (directly) direttamente, proprioI'll be right back — torno subito o immediatamente
right before — proprio prima, appena prima
3) (exactly)right in the middle of the room — esattamente o proprio al centro della stanza
right now — (immediately) subito, immediatamente; (at this point in time) al momento
4) (correctly) bene, correttamenteyou're not doing it right — non lo stai facendo nel modo giusto o correttamente
I guessed right — ho indovinato, ho visto giusto
if I remember right — se ben ricordo, se non ricordo male
5) (completely) completamente, del tuttohe looked right through me — fig. fece finta di non vedermi
we're right behind you! — fig. ti sosteniamo! ti siamo accanto in tutto e per tutto!
6) GB (in titles)the Right Honourable Gentleman — (in parliament) l'onorevole collega
7) (very well) molto beneright, let's have a look — benissimo, diamo un'occhiata
••right enough — colloq. certamente, innegabilmente, senza dubbio
IV 1. [raɪt]to see sb. right — (financially) non fare mancare niente a qcn.; (in other ways) togliere qcn. dai guai, cavare qcn. dagli impicci
1) (restore to upright position) raddrizzare, drizzare [ ship]2.to right oneself — [ person] tirarsi su, mettersi in piedi
to right itself — [ ship] raddrizzarsi, tornare diritto; [ situation] aggiustarsi, sistemarsi
-
20 right
1. adjective1) (on or related to the side of the body which in most people has the more skilful hand, or to the side of a person or thing which is toward the east when that person or thing is facing north (opposite to left): When I'm writing, I hold my pen in my right hand.) derecho2) (correct: Put that book back in the right place; Is that the right answer to the question?) correcto3) (morally correct; good: It's not right to let thieves keep what they have stolen.) bien4) (suitable; appropriate: He's not the right man for this job; When would be the right time to ask him?) adecuado, apropiado
2. noun1) (something a person is, or ought to be, allowed to have, do etc: Everyone has the right to a fair trial; You must fight for your rights; You have no right to say that.) derecho2) (that which is correct or good: Who's in the right in this argument?) cierto, razón3) (the right side, part or direction: Turn to the right; Take the second road on the right.) derecha4) (in politics, the people, group, party or parties holding the more traditional beliefs etc.) derecha
3. adverb1) (exactly: He was standing right here.) exactamente2) (immediately: I'll go right after lunch; I'll come right down.) inmediatamente3) (close: He was standing right beside me.) justo4) (completely; all the way: The bullet went right through his arm.) totalmente, completamente5) (to the right: Turn right.) a la derecha6) (correctly: Have I done that right?; I don't think this sum is going to turn out right.) bien, correctamente
4. verb1) (to bring back to the correct, usually upright, position: The boat tipped over, but righted itself again.) enderezar2) (to put an end to and make up for something wrong that has been done: He's like a medieval knight, going about the country looking for wrongs to right.) corregir
5. interjection(I understand; I'll do what you say etc: `I want you to type some letters for me.' `Right, I'll do them now.') de acuerdo, bien- righteously
- righteousness
- rightful
- rightfully
- rightly
- rightness
- righto
- right-oh
- rights
- right angle
- right-angled
- right-hand
- right-handed
- right wing
6. adjective((right-wing) (having opinions which are) of this sort.) de derecha- by rights
- by right
- get
- keep on the right side of
- get right
- go right
- not in one's right mind
- not quite right in the head
- not right in the head
- put right
- put/set to rights
- right away
- right-hand man
- right now
- right of way
- serve right
right1 adj1. correctocan you tell me the right time? ¿me puedes decir la hora exacta?is this the High Street? That's right ¿es la Calle Mayor? Así es2. derechoright2 adv1. bien2. a la derechaturn right at the traffic lights en el semáforo, gira a la derecha3. justo / exactamenteright3 n1. derecha2. bien3. derechotr[raɪt]1 (not left) derecho,-a2 (correct) correcto,-a3 (just) justo,-a4 (suitable) apropiado,-a, adecuado,-a■ I don't think he's the right person for the job no creo que sea la persona adecuada para el puesto■ this watch hasn't been right since it was repaired este reloj no ha ido bien desde que lo repararon1 a la derecha, hacia la derecha■ turn right at the traffic lights en el semáforo, gira a la derecha2 (correctly) bien, correctamente3 (exactly) justo4 (well) bueno, bien■ right, I'm going to bed bueno, yo me voy a la cama1 (not left) derecha2 (entitlement) derecho1 corregir2 SMALLMARITIME/SMALL enderezar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLall right! ¡bien!, ¡conforme!, ¡vale!it serves you «(him, etc)» right te (le, etc) está bien empleadoright away en seguidato be right tener razónto get it right acertarto put right arreglar, corregirright and wrong el bien y el malright angle ángulo rectoright wing SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL derecharight ['raɪt] vt1) fix, restore: repararto right the economy: reparar la economía2) straighten: enderezarright adv1) : biento live right: vivir bien2) precisely: precisamente, justoright in the middle: justo en medio3) directly, straight: derecho, directamentehe went right home: fue derecho a casa4) immediately: inmediatamenteright after lunch: inmediatamente después del almuerzo5) completely: completamentehe felt right at home: se sintió completamente cómodo6) : a la derechato look left and right: mirar a la izquierda y a la derecharight adj1) upright: bueno, honradoright conduct: conducta honrada2) correct: correctothe right answer: la respuesta correcta3) appropriate: apropiado, adecuado, debidothe right man for the job: el hombre perfecto para el trabajo4) straight: rectoa right line: una línea recta5) : derechothe right hand: la mano derecha6) sound: bienhe's not in his right mind: no está bien de la cabezaright n1) good: bien mto do right: hacer el bien2) : derecha fon the right: a la derecha4) entitlement: derecho mthe right to vote: el derecho a votarwomen's rights: los derechos de la mujer5)the Right : la derecha (en la política)adj.• acertado, -a adj.• ajustado, -a adj.• correcto, -a adj.• debido, -a adj.• derecho, -a adj.• diestro, -a adj.• enderezado, -a adj.• exacto, -a adj.• justo, -a adj.• lícito, -a adj.adv.• a la derecha adv.• bien adv.• justo adv.• mismo adv.interj.• cabal interj.n.• derechazo s.m.• derecho s.m.• justicia s.f.• privilegio s.m.• razón s.f.v.• adrizar v.• enderezar v.• endrezar v.
I raɪt1) ( correct) <answer/interpretation> correctoare we going in the right direction? — ¿vamos bien?
are you sure this is the right house? — ¿estás seguro de que ésta es la casa or de que es aquí?
did you press the right button? — ¿apretaste el botón que debías?
do you have the right change? — ¿tienes el cambio justo?
do you have the right time? — ¿tienes hora (buena)?
2) ( not mistaken)to be right — \<\<person\>\> tener* razón, estar* en lo cierto; \<\<clock\>\> estar* bien
how right she was! — cuánta razón tenía!, si habrá tenido razón!
to be right ABOUT something/somebody — tener* razón en cuanto a algo/alguien
to be right IN something: am I right in thinking this has happened before? si no me equivoco esto ya había pasado antes ¿no?; to get something right: you got two answers right acertaste dos respuestas; did I get your name right? ¿entendí bien tu nombre?; I guess you're Bobby - that's right! tú tienes que ser Bobby - el mismo! or así es!; two o'clock tomorrow, right? - right! — a las dos mañana ¿de acuerdo? - de acuerdo! or (esp Esp fam) vale!
3) (good, suitable) adecuado, apropiadowere the curtains the right length? — ¿estaban bien de largo las cortinas?
if the price is right — si el precio es razonable, si está bien de precio
4) (just, moral) (pred)to be right — ser* justo
to be right to + inf — hacer* bien en + inf
5) (pred)a) ( in order)it's too quiet: something's not right — hay demasiado silencio, algo pasa
b) (fit, healthy) (colloq) bien6) ( complete) (BrE colloq) (before n)he's a right idiot — es un idiota redomado or de marca mayor
7) ( Math)right angle — ángulo m recto
right triangle — (AmE) triángulo m rectángulo
8) (before n) <side/ear/shoe> derecho
II
1) (correctly, well) bien, correctamenteI had guessed right — había adivinado, no me había equivocado
nothing goes right for them — todo les sale mal, nada les sale bien
to do right by somebody — portarse bien con alguien; serve I 2)
2)a) (all the way, completely)they kept hoping right up until the last moment — no perdieron las esperanzas hasta el último momento
b) ( directly)it's right in front of you — lo tienes allí delante or (fam) delante de las narices
he was right here/there — estaba aquí mismo/allí mismo
c) ( immediately)3) <turn/look> a la derecha
III
1)a) c u ( entitlement) derecho mright to something/+ INF — derecho a algo/+ inf
in her/his/its own right: she is Queen in her own right es Reina a título propio or por derecho propio; she is also a composer in her own right ella también es compositora; the title is his by right el título le corresponde a él; by what right? — ¿con qué derecho?
b) rights pl derechos mplto be within one's rights — estar* en su (or mi etc) derecho
2) u c ( what is correct)to know right from wrong — saber* distinguir entre el bien y el mal
to be in the right — tener* razón, llevar la razón, estar* en lo cierto
to put o set something to rights — (esp BrE) arreglar algo
3)a) u ( opposite the left) derecha fthe one on the right — el/la de la derecha
to drive on the right — manejar or (Esp) conducir* por la derecha
on o to my/your right — a mi/tu derecha
b) ( right turn)take the next right — tome or (esp Esp) coja la próxima a la derecha
to make o (BrE) take a right — girar or torcer* or doblar a la derecha
4) u ( Pol)
IV
a) ( set upright) enderezar*b) ( redress) \<\<injustice\>\> reparar
V
interjection (colloq) bueno!, vale! (Esp fam)[raɪt]1. ADJ1) (=morally good, just) justoit is/seems only right that she should get the biggest share — es/me parece justo que ella reciba la mayor parte, está/me parece bien que ella reciba la mayor parte
it doesn't seem right that his contribution should not be acknowledged — parece injusto que no se reconozca su aportación
it's not right! — ¡no hay derecho!
I thought it right to ask permission first — me pareció conveniente preguntarle antes, pensé que debía preguntarle antes
would it be right for me to ask him? — ¿debería preguntárselo?
it is only right and proper that people should know what is going on — lo suyo es que la gente sepa lo que pasa
to do the right thing, do what is right — hacer lo correcto, actuar correctamente
doing the right thing by a pregnant girlfriend meant marrying her — hacer lo que Dios manda con una novia embarazada significaba casarse con ella
2) (=suitable) [tool, clothes] apropiado, adecuado; [time] oportunoto choose the right moment for sth/to do sth — elegir el momento oportuno para algo/para hacer algo
that's the right attitude! — ¡haces bien!
I haven't got the right clothes for a formal dinner — no tengo ropa apropiada or adecuada para una cena de etiqueta
you're not using the right tool for the job — no estás empleando la herramienta apropiada or adecuada para el trabajo
I don't think he's the right sort of person for you — me parece que no es la persona que te conviene
•
the balance of humour and tragedy is just right — el equilibrio entre humor y tragedia es perfecto"is there too much salt in it?" - "no, it's just right" — -¿tiene demasiada sal? -no, está en su punto justo
•
Mr Right — el novio soñado, el marido idealhe knows all the right people — tiene enchufes or (LAm) palanca en todas partes
•
I just happened to be in the right place at the right time — dio la casualidad de que estaba en el sitio adecuado en el momento adecuado•
if the price is right — si el precio es razonable•
he's on the right side of 40 — tiene menos de 40 años•
to say the right thing — decir lo que hay que decir, tener las palabras justas•
we'll do it when the time is right — lo haremos en el momento oportuno or a su debido tiempo3) (=correct) correcto, exactoright first time! — ¡exactamente!, ¡exacto!
"she's your sister?" - "that's right!" — -¿es tu hermana? -¡eso es! or ¡así es! or ¡exacto!
that's right! it has to go through that hole — ¡eso es! tiene que pasar por ese agujero
she said she'd done it, isn't that right, mother? — dijo que lo había hecho ¿no es así, madre? or ¿a que sí, madre?
you mean he offered to pay? is that right, Harry? — ¿dices que se ofreció a pagar? ¿es eso cierto, Harry?
and quite right too! — ¡y con razón!
am I right for the station? — ¿por aquí se va a la estación?, ¿voy bien (por aquí) para la estación?
•
right you are! * — ¡vale!, ¡muy bien!•
I was beginning to wonder whether I had the right day — empezaba a preguntarme si me habría equivocado de díayou didn't get it right, so you lose five points — no acertaste or te equivocaste, así que pierdes cinco puntos
let's get it right this time! — ¡a ver si esta vez nos sale bien!
we must get it right this time — esta vez tenemos que hacerlo bien or nos tiene que salir bien
•
is this the right house? — ¿es esta la casa?•
are you sure you've got the right number? — (Telec) ¿seguro que es ese el número?I'm confused, and I wanted you to put me right — tengo dudas y quisiera que tú me las aclararas
if you tell the story wrong the child will soon put you right — si te equivocas al contar la historia, el niño enseguida te corrige or te saca de tu error
to put a mistake right — corregir or rectificar un error
•
is this the right road for Segovia? — ¿es este el camino de Segovia?, ¿por aquí se va a Segovia?are we on the right road? — ¿vamos por buen camino?, ¿vamos bien por esta carretera?
•
it's not the right shade of green — no es el tono de verde que yo busco•
the right side of the fabric — el (lado) derecho de la tela•
is the skirt the right size? — ¿va bien la falda de talla?it's not the right size/length — no vale de talla/de largo
is that the right time? — ¿es esa la hora?
do you have the right time? — ¿tienes hora buena?, ¿sabes qué hora es exactamente?
- get on the right side of sb4) (=in the right)•
to be right — [person] tener razón, estar en lo ciertoyou're quite right, you're dead right * — tienes toda la razón
how right you are! — ¡qué razón tienes!
•
to be right about sth/sb, you were right about there being none left — tenías razón cuando decías que no quedaba ningunoyou were right about Peter, he's totally unreliable — tenías razón en lo de Peter or con respecto a Peter: no hay quien se fíe de él
•
am I right in thinking that we've met before? — si no me equivoco ya nos conocemos ¿no?you were right in calling the doctor, it was appendicitis — hiciste bien en llamar al médico, era apendicitis
5) (=in order)I knew something wasn't right when she didn't call as usual — supe que algo no iba bien cuando no llamaba como de costumbre
•
it will all come right in the end — todo se arreglará al final•
to put sth/sb right, I hope the garage can put the car right — espero que me sepan arreglar el coche en el talleryou've offended her but it's not too late to put things right — la has ofendido pero aún puedes arreglarlo
it's nothing a night's sleep won't put right — no es nada que no se arregle durmiendo toda la noche de un tirón
that's soon put right — eso se arregla fácilmente, eso tiene fácil arreglo
- be/feel as right as rain6) (=not left) derechoI'd give my right arm to know — daría cualquier cosa or todo el oro del mundo por saberlo
7) (Math) [angle] recto8) (Brit)* (as intensifier) (=complete)she made a right mess of it — lo hizo fatal *, le salió un buen churro (Sp) *
Charlieyou're a right one to talk — iro mira quién habla
2. ADV1) (=directly, exactly)•
right away — en seguida, ahora mismo, ahorita (mismo) (Mex, And)•
it happened right before our eyes — ocurrió delante de nuestros propios ojos•
he was standing right in the middle of the road — estaba justo en el centro or (CAm) en el mero centro de la calleshe's busy right now — ahora mismo or justo ahora está ocupada
•
he could tell right off that I was a foreigner — reconoció de inmediato que yo era extranjero•
to go right on — seguir todo derechoright on! * — † ¡eso es!, ¡de acuerdo!
•
she should come right out and say so — debería ser clara y decirlo•
it fell right on top of me — me cayó justo encima2) (=immediately) justo, inmediatamente•
I'll do it right after dinner — lo haré justo or inmediatamente después de cenar•
come right in! — ¡ven aquí dentro!3) (=completely)•
their house is right at the end of the street — su casa está justo al final de la calleshe was a very active old lady, right to the end — fue una anciana muy activa hasta el final
•
to push sth right in — meter algo hasta el fondo•
there is a fence right round the house — hay una valla que rodea la casa por completo•
he filled it right up — lo llenó del todo4) (=correctly) bien, correctamenteyou did right to/not to invite them — hiciste bien en invitarlos/en no invitarlos
if I remember right — si mal no recuerdo, si no me falla la memoria
it's him, right enough! — ¡seguro que es él!
5) (=fairly)•
to do right by sb — portarse como es debido con algn•
don't worry about the pay, John will see you right — no te preocupes por el sueldo, John se encargará de que te paguen lo que te correspondeserve•
to treat sb right — tratar bien a algn6) (=properly, satisfactorily) bien7) (=not left) a la derecha•
eyes right! — (Mil) ¡vista a la derecha!•
to turn right — torcer a la derechaleft II, 1., 1)right (about) turn! — ¡media vuelta a la derecha!
8) (as linker)right, who's next? — a ver, ¿quién va ahora?
right then, let's begin! — ¡empecemos, pues!
9) (in titles)3. N1) (=what is morally right, just)•
by rights the house should go to me — lo suyo or lo propio es que la casa me correspondiera a mí•
to be in the right — tener razón, estar en lo ciertowrong 3.to set or put the world to rights — arreglar el mundo
2) (=prerogative) derecho mthey have a right to privacy — tienen derecho a la or su intimidad
people have the right to read any kind of material they wish — la gente tiene derecho a leer lo que desee
what gives you the right or what right have you got to criticize me? — ¿qué derecho tienes tú a criticarme?
who gave you the right to come in here? — ¿quién te ha dado permiso para entrar aquí?
•
as of right — por derecho propio•
by right of — por or en razón deby what right do you make all the decisions? — ¿con qué derecho tomas tú todas las decisiones?
abode, assembly, exercise, reserve 2., 1)•
to own sth in one's own right — poseer algo por derecho propio•
insist on your legal rights — hazte valer tus derechos legales•
they don't have voting rights — no tienen derecho al voto or de voto•
to be (well) within one's rights — estar en su derechoyou'd be well within your rights to refuse to cooperate — estarías en tu derecho a negarte a cooperar
•
women's rights — derechos de la mujerall rights reserved — es propiedad, reservados todos los derechos
4) (=not left) derecha f•
reading from right to left — leyendo de derecha a izquierda•
to keep to the right — (Aut) circular por la derecha•
our house is the second on the right — nuestra casa es la segunda a or de la derecha•
on or to my right — a mi derecha5) (Pol)to be on or to the right of sth/sb — (Pol) estar a la derecha de algo/algn
he's further to the right than I am — es más de derecha or (Sp) de derechas que yo
6) (=right turn)to take or make a right — girar a la derecha
7) (Boxing) (=punch) derechazo m; (=right hand) derecha f4.VT (=put straight) [+ crooked picture] enderezar; (=correct) [+ mistake] corregir; [+ injustice] reparar; (=put right way up) [+ vehicle, person] enderezar•
he tried to right himself but the leg was broken — intentó ponerse de pie pero tenía la pierna rota•
to right a wrong — deshacer un agravio, reparar un daño5.CPDright angle N — ángulo m recto
to be at right angles (to sth) — estar en or formar ángulo recto (con algo)
right back N — (Sport) (=player) lateral mf derecho(-a); (=position) lateral m derecho
right half N — (Sport) medio m (volante) derecho
rights issue N — emisión f de acciones
right-to-liferight to life N — derecho m a la vida
right triangle (US) N — triángulo m rectángulo
right turn N —
to take or make a right turn — (Aut) girar a la derecha; (Pol) dar un giro a la derecha
right wing N — (Pol) derecha f; right-wing; (Sport) (=position) ala f derecha
* * *
I [raɪt]1) ( correct) <answer/interpretation> correctoare we going in the right direction? — ¿vamos bien?
are you sure this is the right house? — ¿estás seguro de que ésta es la casa or de que es aquí?
did you press the right button? — ¿apretaste el botón que debías?
do you have the right change? — ¿tienes el cambio justo?
do you have the right time? — ¿tienes hora (buena)?
2) ( not mistaken)to be right — \<\<person\>\> tener* razón, estar* en lo cierto; \<\<clock\>\> estar* bien
how right she was! — cuánta razón tenía!, si habrá tenido razón!
to be right ABOUT something/somebody — tener* razón en cuanto a algo/alguien
to be right IN something: am I right in thinking this has happened before? si no me equivoco esto ya había pasado antes ¿no?; to get something right: you got two answers right acertaste dos respuestas; did I get your name right? ¿entendí bien tu nombre?; I guess you're Bobby - that's right! tú tienes que ser Bobby - el mismo! or así es!; two o'clock tomorrow, right? - right! — a las dos mañana ¿de acuerdo? - de acuerdo! or (esp Esp fam) vale!
3) (good, suitable) adecuado, apropiadowere the curtains the right length? — ¿estaban bien de largo las cortinas?
if the price is right — si el precio es razonable, si está bien de precio
4) (just, moral) (pred)to be right — ser* justo
to be right to + inf — hacer* bien en + inf
5) (pred)a) ( in order)it's too quiet: something's not right — hay demasiado silencio, algo pasa
b) (fit, healthy) (colloq) bien6) ( complete) (BrE colloq) (before n)he's a right idiot — es un idiota redomado or de marca mayor
7) ( Math)right angle — ángulo m recto
right triangle — (AmE) triángulo m rectángulo
8) (before n) <side/ear/shoe> derecho
II
1) (correctly, well) bien, correctamenteI had guessed right — había adivinado, no me había equivocado
nothing goes right for them — todo les sale mal, nada les sale bien
to do right by somebody — portarse bien con alguien; serve I 2)
2)a) (all the way, completely)they kept hoping right up until the last moment — no perdieron las esperanzas hasta el último momento
b) ( directly)it's right in front of you — lo tienes allí delante or (fam) delante de las narices
he was right here/there — estaba aquí mismo/allí mismo
c) ( immediately)3) <turn/look> a la derecha
III
1)a) c u ( entitlement) derecho mright to something/+ INF — derecho a algo/+ inf
in her/his/its own right: she is Queen in her own right es Reina a título propio or por derecho propio; she is also a composer in her own right ella también es compositora; the title is his by right el título le corresponde a él; by what right? — ¿con qué derecho?
b) rights pl derechos mplto be within one's rights — estar* en su (or mi etc) derecho
2) u c ( what is correct)to know right from wrong — saber* distinguir entre el bien y el mal
to be in the right — tener* razón, llevar la razón, estar* en lo cierto
to put o set something to rights — (esp BrE) arreglar algo
3)a) u ( opposite the left) derecha fthe one on the right — el/la de la derecha
to drive on the right — manejar or (Esp) conducir* por la derecha
on o to my/your right — a mi/tu derecha
b) ( right turn)take the next right — tome or (esp Esp) coja la próxima a la derecha
to make o (BrE) take a right — girar or torcer* or doblar a la derecha
4) u ( Pol)
IV
a) ( set upright) enderezar*b) ( redress) \<\<injustice\>\> reparar
V
interjection (colloq) bueno!, vale! (Esp fam)
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CIVIL MARRIAGE — CIVIL MARRIAGE, a marriage ceremony between Jews, celebrated in accordance with the secular, and not the Jewish law. The Problem in Jewish Law Since in Jewish law a woman is not considered a wife (eshet ish) unless she has been married properly,… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Civil Aspect of Bankruptcy — Civil Aspect of Bankruptcy † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Civil Aspect of Bankruptcy (See also MORAL ASPECT OF BANKRUPTCY.) Bankruptcy (La banqueroute; earlier English terms, bankruptship, bankrupture) in civil jurisprudence as well as … Catholic encyclopedia
Civil disobedience — For other uses, see Civil disobedience (disambiguation). Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a figure known worldwide for advocating non violent civil disobedience. Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and … Wikipedia